نوآوری، دولت و سرمایۀ صبور

نوع مقاله : ترجمه

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد سیاست‌گذاری علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

3 کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت اجرایی دانشگاه دانشگاه آزاد اراک

چکیده

مطالعه حاضر به بررسی نقش دولت و خصوصاً نقش سیاست‌های تأمین مالی در نوآوری و رشد در بلندمدت بنگاه‌ها و متعاقباً کشورها می‌پردازد. بر این اساس، نویسنده با بیان کاستی‌های مکاتب اقتصادی جریان غالب و خصوصاً نئوکلاسیک در تحلیل و درک پدیده نوآوری از طریق محدود شدن مداخلات سیاستی به شکست بازار، مکاتب اقتصادی تکاملی و شومپیتری را چارچوب‌های تحلیل مناسبی برای این امر معرفی می‌کند. نقش محوری دولت در توسعه نوآوری و نقش فعال دولت در تأمین مالی نوآوری از دیگر مسائل حائز اهمیتی است در این مقاله مبتنی بر شواهدی از کشورهای توسعه یافته مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته‌‌های این بررسی حاکی از نقش دولت فراتر از رفع شکست‌های بازار، بلکه شکل‌دهی و خلق بازارهای جدید و به عبارتی دیگر امروز دولت‌ها در قالب "دولت کارآفرین" با ریسک پذیری بالا به حمایت از فرآیند نوآوری می‌پردازند. در مقابل، عموماً بنگاه‌ها و بخش خصوصی که خلق نوآوری و دستاوردهای حاصل از آن را متعلق و در نتیجه اقدامات خود می‌دانند، دارای رویکردی ریسک گریزتر از دولت در حمایت از نوآوری و تأمین مالی آن هستند. بانک‌های توسعه‌ای و سرمایه‌گذاری از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای دولت‌ها در حمایت فعال و همراه با ریسک از نوآوری عموماً در شرایط و حوزه‌هایی است که بنگاه‌ها و بخش خصوصی تمایلی به سرمایه‌گذاری  در آن‌ها ندارد. در انتها نیز چند پیشنهاد و ملاحظه در خصوص مداخله دولت به نفع توسعه نوآوری ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Innovation, the State and Patient Capital

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kiarash Fartash 1
  • Maryam Jahangirnia 2
  • Amir Malek Mohammadi 3
1 Assistant Professor, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Master Student, Science and Technology Policy, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 Master of EMBA, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch
چکیده [English]

The study examines the role of government, financing policies in particular, in the long - run innovation and growth of firms and countries, subsequently. Mentioning the deficiencies of Orthodox economic schools, especially the neoclassical model, in analyzing and perceiving innovation through limiting policy interventions to the market failure, the author introduces Evolutionary and Schumpeter economic schools as appropriate analysis frameworks in this case. The pivot role of government in developing innovation and its active role in financing innovation are among the other critical issues that are analyzed in this paper based on evidence from developed countries. The findings indicate that the role of government is beyond fixing market failure, but forming and creating new markets; and, in other words, governments are supporting innovation process in the form of a high-risk “entrepreneurial government”. In contrast, since firms and private sectors mainly assume that innovation creation and its achievements belong to them and are derived from their actions, they are following a stronger risk-aversion behavior than the government in supporting innovation and financing. Development and investment banks are among the most important governmental means to actively support innovation –along with the risks- mainly in contexts and areas where firms and private sector are not willing to invest. Finally, there are some suggestions and considerations regarding government intervention in favor of innovation development.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Entrepreneurial government
  • Evolutionary economics
  • Innovation
  • Government investment
  • Patient investment
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