بررسی روندهای توسعه فناوری در ایالات متحده از اواسط قرن نوزدهم میلادی، مبتنی بر نظریه نهادی

نوع مقاله : ترجمه

نویسنده

دکتری مدیریت تکنولوژی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، پژوهشگر پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری ریاست جمهوری

چکیده

در تحقیق پیش رو، با الهام از نظریۀ نهادی، چگونگی تأثیر نهادها را بر روندهای توسعۀ فناوری در ایالات متحده از اواسط قرن نوزدهم بررسی می کنیم. بر اساس تحلیل استنتاجی تاریخچۀ توسعۀ فناوری و تحقیق و توسعۀ شرکت های بزرگ، نشان می دهیم که هر دو عامل قوانین و محدودیت های نهادیِ رسمی و غیررسمی در توسعۀ اولیۀ بازارهای فناوری، رکود آن ها در اوایل قرن بیستم و بازگشت مشروط آن ها در پایان قرن بیستم تأثیر بسزایی داشته اند. همچنین درمی یابیم که نهادهای رسمی و غیررسمی در پذیرش همه جانبۀ آزمایشگاه های تحقیق و توسعۀ درون سازمانی، در اواسط قرن بیستم، مؤثر بوده اند. این مطالعه، هر دو دیدگاه اقتصادی و جامعه شناسی نظریۀ نهادی را ادغام می کند. این رویکرد به ویژه برای تجزیه و تحلیل پدیده ای تاریخی و تغییر روندها در بازۀ زمانی طولانی مفید است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

An institutional theory investigation of U.S. technology development trends since the mid-19th century

نویسنده [English]

  • Javad Mashayekh
Research fellow at technology studies institute
چکیده [English]

Drawing on institutional theory, we examine how institutions have influenced technology development trends in the U.S. since the mid-19th century. Based on an inductive analysis of the history of technology development and corporate R&D, we show that both formal and informal institutional rules and constraints played a role in the initial rise of markets for technology, their decline during the early-20th century, and their eventual return at the end of the 20th century. We also find that formal and informal institutions influenced the widespread adoption of in-house R&D labs during the mid-20th century. Our study integrates insights from both the economics and sociology branches of institutional theory. This perspective is particularly useful to analyze historical phenomenon and shifts in trends across long time periods.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • R&D
  • Technology development mode
  • Institutional theory
  • Informal norms
  • Formal constraints
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