شومپیتر و پایان سرمایه‌داری غربی: از چرخه های فناورانه تا چرخه های مالی

نوع مقاله : ترجمه

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان، پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری، تهران

2 پژوهشگر گروه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان، پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری، تهران.

چکیده

این پیش‌بینیِ شومپیتر در کتاب سرمایه‌داری، سوسیالیسم و دموکراسی (1942) که «به‌طور حتم نوعی جامعۀ سوسیالیستی از تجزیۀ جامعۀ سرمایه‌داری، که آن هم به همان میزان حتمی است، ظهور خواهد کرد» ضربۀ بزرگی به اعتبار او زد. به‌خصوص پس از سقوط دیوار برلین که به‌نظر می‌رسید شبح کمونیسم سرانجام دفع شده است. اما بحران مالیِ جاری از شومپیتر اعادۀ حیثیت کرد. نزد شومپیتر، سرمایه‌داری به‌درستی نه‌فقط به‌معنای حقوق مالکیت فردی، بلکه تواناییِ «خلق پول از هیچ» بود. خلق پول از هیچ چنان قدرت مهیب و خطرناکی دارد که بدیهی است باید تحت سخت‌گیرانه‌ترین محدودیت درآید، محدودیتی که از قدیم‌الایام ولو به‌شکلی ناقص، با جلوگیری از تشکیل شرکتِ با مسئولیت محدود برای کسانی که با پول سروکار داشتند، اِعمال می‌شد. افول سرمایه‌داری از وقتی شروع شد که تامین‌مالی‌کنندگان از این قیدوبند رها شدند و با فاجعۀ ناشی از این باور که کنترلِ دیوان‌سالارانه (بوروکراتیک) می‌تواند جایگزین آن قوانین و مقررات شود، به آخر خط رسید. علتِ این تغییر آن بود که سیاست‌مدارانی که به‌شکل دموکراتیک انتخاب می‌شدند، تحت کنترلِ روزافزونِ گروه‌های ذینفع درآمدند. در این زمینه، کتاب دیگر شومپیتر به نام بحرانِ دولتِ متکی بر مالیات (1918) تقریباً به اندازۀ سرمایه-داری، سوسیالیسم و دموکراسی آموزنده و بینش‌افزا بود. وقتی دولت‌ها نگذاشتند بانک‌ها ورشکست شوند، آنها خبر از پیدایش قطعیِ تامین مالیِ متمرکز دادند، شیوۀ تامین مالی‌ای که خصیصۀ بنیادیِ یک اقتصاد سوسیالیستی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Schumpeter and the end of Western Capitalism

نویسندگان [English]

  • Roohallah Aboojafari 1
  • mohamdamir Rizvandi 2
1 Assistant Professor , Knowledge-Based Economy Department Technology Study Institute, Presidency of the I.R. of IRAN Tehran, Iran
2 Researcher, Knowledge-Based Economy Department Technology Study Institute, Presidency of the I.R. of IRAN Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Schumpeter’s forecast in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942)
that ‘a socialist form of society will inevitably emerge from an equally inevitable
decomposition of capitalist society’ did great damage to his reputation. This was
especially so after the fall of the Berlin wall, when the spectre of Communism
seemed to have been finally exorcised. The current financial crisis, however, has
vindicated him. For Schumpeter, capitalism rightly meant, not just individual property rights, but the ability to ‘create money from nothing.’ This is such an enormous
and dangerous power that it obviously has to be subject to the strictest constraint,
which was traditionally provided, however imperfectly, by denial of incorporation
with limited liability to those who dealt in money. The decline of capitalism began
when financiers were released from this discipline, and it ended with the catastrophe
caused by belief that bureaucratic control could replace it. The cause of the change
was the progressive capture of democratically elected politicians by interests. On
this, Schumpeter’s The Crisis of the Tax State (1918) was almost as insightful as
his later book. When Governments could not allow banks to fail, they signalled the
definitive arrival of centralized financing, which is a fundamental characteristic of a
socialist economy

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Capitalism
  • Schumpeter
  • Socialism
  • finance
  • innovation

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 خرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 31 مرداد 1402

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