بررسی تطبیقی ماهیت حقوقی شرکت‌های ارائه‌دهندۀ خدمات هوشمند حمل‌ونقل (اسنپ و اوبر) در نظام‌های حقوقی ایران، ایالات متحدۀ امریکا و اتحادیۀ اروپا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

تفاوت ساختار و عملکردِ «شرکت‌های ارائه‌دهندۀ خدمات هوشمند حمل‌ونقل» با «شرکت‌های سنتی حمل‌ونقل» باعث شده تا فعالیتشان با مشکلات حقوقی بسیاری روبه‌رو شود. «ماهیت حقوقی» ازجمله مشکلات مطرح در این زمینه است. هدف از پژوهشِ حاضر شناسایی ماهیت حقوقی «شرکت‌های ارائه‌دهندۀ خدمات هوشمند حمل‌ونقل» در نظام‌های حقوقی ایران، ایالات متحدۀ امریکا و اتحادیۀ اروپاست. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی است. روشِ آن توصیفی‌ ـ ‌تحلیلی است و بر پایۀ اسناد و منابع کتابخانه‌ای نگاشته شده است. در این تحقیق به مطالعه و بررسیِ شرکت‌های اسنپ و اوبر پرداخته شده است. این شرکت‌ها با استفاده از فناوری‌هایی همچون هوش مصنوعی، تلفن همراه و اینترنت صرفاً به‌منزلۀ واسطه‌ای میان راننده و کاربر مسافر معرفی شده‌اند. ازهمین‌رو برداشت این است که یکی از طرفین موردِ قراردادِ حمل‌ونقل نیستند و مسئولیتی نیز در قبال این خدمات ندارند. اما طبق یافته‌های پژوهش، که برحسب بررسی ساختار فنی و حقوقی عملکرد این شرکت‌ها به‌دست آمده است، ادعاهای مذکور رد می‌شود و مشخص می‌شود که سهم آن‌ها فراتر از یک واسطه است. شرکت‌ها با استفاده از سامانه‌هایِ هوشمندشان به‌شدت در روابط میان رانندگان و کاربرانِ خود، ازطریق مطابقت و اتصال آن‌ها به یکدیگر، تعیین هزینۀ حمل‌ونقل، درخواست امتیازدهی به یکدیگر و مدیریت آن‌ها به‌موجب امتیازات مذکور و غیره، مداخله می‌کنند و این امر تعیین‌کنندۀ ماهیت حقوقی آن‌هاست. همچنین، شرکت‌ها با استفاده از «شرایط و قوانین» داخلیِ خود رانندگان و کاربران را در چارچوب قواعدِ آن شرکت قرار می‌دهند و آن‌ها را ملزم به رعایت مقرراتِ خویش می‌کنند. درنتیجه، این عوامل سبب شده‌اند که دولت‌هایِ گوناگون ماهیت حقوقیِ این شرکت‌ها را با تصویب مقررات مخصوص یا شناسایی در قالب یکی از نهادهایِ موجودْ مشمولِ مقررات حوزۀ «حمل‌ونقل» کنند و آن‌ها را با عنوان «متصدی حمل‌ونقل» معرفی کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of the Legal Nature of Companies Providing Intelligent Transportation Services (Snapp and Uber) in the Legal Systems of Iran, United States and European Union

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mansour Amini 1
  • Sadegh Sayyadi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 MA. in Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Due to the differences in the structure and performance of "Companies Providing Intelligent Transportation Services" with "Traditional Transportation Companies", their activities have faced many legal challenges. One of the challenges concerning these companies is their "Legal Nature". This study aims to identify the legal nature of "Companies Providing Intelligent Transportation Services" in the legal systems of Iran, the United States, and the European Union. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is written based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on library documents and resources. In this paper, Snapp and Uber Companies have been studied. Using technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile phones, and the Internet, these companies present themselves as mere intermediaries between the driver and the passenger user; Therefore, they are not a party to the contract of carriage and will not be responsible for these services. However, the research findings, which have been obtained based on the study of the technical and legal structure of the performance of these companies, refute the mentioned claims and show their role beyond an intermediary. Using their apps, companies have strongly interfered in the relationships between their drivers and passenger users (Matching and Connecting them, Determining the price of transportation, Requesting ratings for each other, and managing them according to the mentioned ratings, etc.), which determines their legal nature. Also, Companies use their internal "Terms and Conditions" to regulate drivers and passenger users within their rules and require them to comply with their regulations. As a result, these factors have led various governments to subject the legal nature of these companies to "Transportation" regulations by enacting specific regulations or identifying them as one of the existing entities, and identifying them as "Carriers".

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Legal Nature
  • Intelligent Transportation
  • Transportation Intermediary
  • Carrier
  • Intelligent Systems

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 16 اردیبهشت 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 18 تیر 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 21 تیر 1400

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