شناخت استراتژیک و نقشه‌یابی شناختی: بررسی مفهوم قابلیت‌های شناختی و کاربرد نقشه‌یابی شناختی در مدیریت استراتژیک سازمان

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت فناوری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

2 استادیار، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

چکیده

مفهوم شناخت، در یک تعریف کلی، مجموعه ای از باورها و ادراکات افراد برای معنابخشی به محیط پیرامون آن هاست. ساختارهای ذهنی و ابعاد شناختی مدیران در سازمان عاملی بسیار اثرگذار در فرایند تغییرات استراتژیک است. در این مقاله تلاش شده تا با مرور پیشینۀ پژوهشی در دسترس و معرفی مفهوم «شناخت استراتژیک و ابعاد و آثار آن» نقش این دسته از قابلیت های پویای مدیریتی در برنامه ریزی استراتژیک تبیین شود. از سوی دیگر، با توجه به اهمیت دسترسی به این ابعاد شناختی، روش نقشه یابی شناختی به منظور استخراج و بهره برداری از شناخت های ذهنی مدیران معرفی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Strategic Cognition and Cognitive Mapping: An Overview of Cognitive Capabilities in Strategic Change Management and Change Leader's Cognitive Map

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamed Nasiri 1
  • Mehdi Elyasi 2
1 PhD student of Technology Management, Allameh Tabatabai University
2 Assistant Professor, Allameh Tabatabai University
چکیده [English]

Cognition is a mental activity for sensemaking based on acquiring and processing the environmental information. These mental structures and cognitive dimensions of the management are vital factors for the formulation and implementation of organizational strategic change. In this paper, a literature review of strategic cognition and its role in managerial dynamic capabilities and strategic planning has been conducted. In addition, respect to the importance of the cognitive aspects of management, Cognitive Mapping technique has been reviewed for elicitation and exploitation of change leader's mind structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Managerial Dynamic Capabilities
  • Strategic Change Leadership
  • Mental Structure Elicitation
  • Managerial Cognition Structure

منابع

کاتر، جان پی. (1386). رهبری تحول. ترجمۀ مهدی ایران‌نژاد پاریزی و مینو سلسله. کرج: مؤسسه تحقیقات و آموزش مدیریت. (سال انتشار کتاب اصلی 1988).
گرنت، رابرت ام. (1396). مدیریت استراتژیک با رویکرد امروزی. ترجمۀ آرش خلیلی‌نصر. تهران: آریانا قلم. (سال انتشار کتاب اصلی 2013).
Adler, P.S. and Kwon, S.W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
Adner, R. and Helfat, C.E. (2003). Corporate Effects and Dynamic Managerial Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 1011-1025.
Albert, S. and Whetten, D.A. (1985). Organization Identity. Research in Organizational Behavior, 7: 263-295.
American Psychological Association. (2009). Glossary of Psychological Terms.
Axelrod, R. (1976). The Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites. Princeton: Princeton.
Bailey, E.E. and Helfat, C.E. (2003). External Management Succession, Human Capital, and Firm Performance: An Integrative Analysis. Managerial and Decision Economics, 24(4), 347-369.
Balogun, I. (2003). From Blaming the Middle to Harnessing Its Potential: Creating Change Intermediaries. British Journal of Management, 14: 69-83.
Bateman, T.S. and Zeithaml, C.P. (1989). The Psychological Context of Strategic Decisions- A Model and Convergent Experimental Findings. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 59-74.
Baum, J.R. and Bird, B.J. (2010). The Successful Intelligence of High-growth Entrepreneurs: Links to New Venture Growth. Organization Science, 21: 397-412.
Beck, J.B. and Wiersema, M.F. (2013). Executive Decision Making: Linking Dynamic Managerial Capabilities to the Resource Portfolio and Strategic Outcomes. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(4), 408-419.
Brown, S. (1992). Cognitive Mapping and Repertory Grids for Qualitative Survey Research: Some Comparative Observations. Journal of Management Studies, 29 (3): 287-307.
Castanias, R.P. and Helfat, C.E. (1991). Managerial Resources and Rents. Journal of Management17(1), 155-171.
Castanias, R.P. and Helfat, C.E. (2001). The Managerial Rents Model: Theory and Empirical Analysis. Journal of Management27(6), 661-678.
Chase, W.G. and Simon, H.A. (1973). Perception in Chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4: 55–81.
Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128-152
Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
Colman, A.M. (2006). A Dictionary of Psychology (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eden, C. (1992). On the Nature of Cognitive Maps. Journal of Management Studies, 29: 261-265.
Eggers, J.P. and Kaplan, S. (2013). Cognition and Capabilities: A Multi-level Perspective. Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 295-340.
Ericsson, K.A. (2006). The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance. In The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, Ericsson, K.A., Charness, N, Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G.R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper and Row.
Feldman, M.S. and Rafaeli, A. (2002). Organizational Routines as Sources of Connections and Understandings. Journal of Management Studies, 39: 309-331.
Garbuio, M., King, A.W. and Lovallo, D. (2011). Looking inside: Psychological influences on structuring a firm’s portfolio of resources. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1444-1463.
Harris, D., and Helfat, C.E. (2013). Dynamic managerial capabilities. In M. Augier and D. Teece (Eds.), Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Helfat, C.E., and Winter, S.G. (2011). Untangling dynamic and operational capabilities: Strategy for the (N) ever‐changing world. Strategic management journal, 32(11), 1243-1250.
Helfat, C.E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M.A., Singh, H., Teece, D.J., and Winter, S.G. (2007). Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Helfat, C.E., and Martin, J.A. (2015). Dynamic Managerial Capabilities: Review and Assessment of Managerial Impact on Strategic Change. Journal of Management, 41 (5): 1281-1312.
Helfat, C.E., and Peteraf, M.A. (2015). Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 36: 831-850.
Herrmann, P., and Nadkarni, S. (2014). Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality. Strategic Management Journal35(9), 1318-1342.
Huff, A.S. (2006). Managerial and organizational cognition: Islands of coherence. In K. G. Smith and M. A. Hitt (Eds.), Great minds in management: The process of theory development: 331-354. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jetter, A.J. (2006, July). Fuzzy cognitive maps for engineering and technology management: What works in practice?. In Technology Management for the Global Future, 2006. PICMET 2006 (2): 498-512. IEEE.
Kaplan, S, Murra, F, and Henderson, R. (2003). Discontinuities and senior management: assessing the role of recognition in pharmaceutical firm response to biotechnology. Industrial and Corporate Change 12(2): 203–233.
Kaplan, S. (2011). Research in Cognition and Strategy: Reflections on Two Decades of Progress and a Look to the Future. Journal of Management Studies, 48(3): 665-695.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs: A theory of personality. London: Routledge.
Kor, Y.Y., Mahoney, J.T., and Michael, S.C. (2007). Resources, capabilities and entrepreneurial perceptions. Journal of management studies, 44(7), 1187-1212.
Laamanen, T., and Wallin, J. (2009). Cognitive dynamics of capability development paths. Journal of Management Studies, 46: 950-981.
Melone, N.P. (1994). Reasoning in the executive suite: The influence of role/experience-based expertise on decision processes of corporate executives. Organization Science, 5(3), 438-455.
Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24: 934-948.
Nadkarni, S., and Barr, P.S. (2008). Environmental context, managerial cognition, and strategic action: An integrated view. Strategic Management Journal, 29: 1395-1427.
Narayanan, V.K., Zane, L., and Kemmerer, B. (2011). The Cognitive Perspective in Strategy: An Integrative Review. Journal of Management, 37 (1): 305-351.
Porac, J.F., and Thomas, H. (2002). Managing cognition and strategy: Issues, trends and future directions. In A. Pettigrew and H. Thomas and R. Whittington (Eds.), Handbook of strategy and management: 165-181. London: Sage.
Porac, J.F., Thomas, H., and Baden-Fuller, C. (1989). Competitive groups as cognitive communities: The case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers. Journal of Management Studies, 26: 397-416.
Powell, T.C., Lovallo, D., and Caringal, C. (2006). Causal ambiguity, management perception, and firm performance. Academy of Management Review, 31(1): 175–196.
Rfferty, A., Jimmieson, N. and Armenakis, A. (2013). Change Readiness: A multilevel Review. Journal of Management, 39(1): 110-135.
Rajagopalan, N., A., A. M., and Datta, D. K. (1993). Strategic Decision Processes: Critical Review and Future Directions. Journal of Management, 19(2): 349–384.
Rajagopalan, N., and Spreitzer, G.M. (1997). Toward a theory of strategic change: A multi-lens perspective and integrative framework. Academy of Management Review, 22: 48-79.
Rosenbloom, R.S. (2000). Leadership, capabilities, and technological change: The transformation of NCR in the electronic era. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1083-1103.
Russell, R.D. (1999). Developing a Process Model of Entrepreneurial Systems: A Cognitive Mapping Approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3): 65-84.
Sharma, S. (2000). Managerial interpretations and organizational context as predictors of corporate choice of environmental strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 681-697.
Siau, K. and Tan, X. (2005). Improving the quality of conceptual modeling using cognitive mapping techniques. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 55 (3): 343-365.
Simon, H.A. (1947). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization. New York: MacMillan.
Swan, J. (1997). Using cognitive mapping in management research: decisions about technical innovation. British Journal of Management, 8(2), 183-198.
Teece, D.J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic management journal, 28(13), 1319-1350.
Tolman, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological review, 55(4), 189-208.
Village, J., Salustri, F.A., and Neumann, W.P. (2013). Cognitive mapping: Revealing the links between human factors and strategic goals in organizations. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 43(4), 304-313.
Walsh, J.P. (1995). Managerial and organizational cognition: notes from a trip down memory lane. Organization Science, 6(3): 280–321.
Wang, C. L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2007). Dynamic capabilities: a review and research agenda. The International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1): 31-51.
Weick, K.E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Wright, P. M., Coff, R., and Moliterno, T. P. (2014). Strategic human capital: Crossing the great divide. Journal of Management, 40(2), 353-370.