فرصت‌های کارآفرینانه: الگوها و رویکردها، پیش‌فرض‌ها و دیدگاه‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

استادیار دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، دانشکدۀ مدیریت و اقتصاد، گروه کارآفرینی

چکیده

مفهوم فرصت را می توان یکی از محوری ترین مباحث کارآفرینی دانست. درعین حال، فرصت یکی از مجادله برانگیزترین مفاهیم در قلمرو ادبیات کارآفرینی است؛ به گونه ای که پیش فرض های حاکم بر کارکرد شناسایی فرصت های کارآفرینانه و همچنین ماهیت و ویژگی های این پدیده، مواجهه با رهیافت ها و دیدگاه های گوناگون و گاه حتی متناقض گونه است. در چنین شرایطی، راهکارها و روش های متفاوت نیز به منظور بهره برداری از آن ها در کارکردهای کارآفرینانه مطلوب است. در مقالۀ حاضر، ضمن اشاره به تعاریف و نقش محوری مفهوم فرصت در متون علمی حوزۀ مطالعاتی  پژوهشی کارآفرینی، به بررسی دیدگاه های اندیشمندان برجستۀ حوزه های اقتصاد و کارآفرینی در این خصوص پرداخته شده است. در رویکرد عرضه و تقاضای اقتصادی، برمبنای پیش فرض های فلسفی و چارچوب ابزار هدف، الگوهای تخصیص، کشف، و خلق سه الگوی اصلیِ کارکرد شناسایی فرصت های کارآفرینانه را تشکیل می دهند. همچنین فرصت های شومپیتری و کرزنری دو دیدگاه اصلی و متمایز پیرامون فرصت های کارآفرینانه اند که دو جریان اصلی از مطالعات و پژوهش های فرصت های کارآفرینانه را توسعه داده اند. این دو دیدگاه، در تقابل با یکدیگر، از ابعاد گوناگون مانند الگوها، رویکردها، ماهیت و الزامات فازهای بهره برداری از فرصت های کارآفرینانه و خلق ارزش بررسی می شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Models and Approaches, Assumptions and Viewpoints

نویسنده [English]

  • Mehdi Zivdar
Department of Entrepreneurship, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
چکیده [English]

The concept of opportunity can be considered as one of the most central and sometimes even the most central issues of entrepreneurship. At the same time, opportunity is one of the most controversial concepts in the entrepreneurship literature, as the assumptions underlying the function of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities and also the nature and characteristics of this phenomenon confront with different approaches and sometimes even paradoxical approaches. In this situation, different approaches and methods for exploiting them in entrepreneurial tasks are also desirable. While referring to the definitions and the central role of the concept of opportunity in the scientific literature of the Entrepreneurship, the present article has attempted to study the viewpoints of prominent researchers of economics and entrepreneurship fields. In the economic supply and demand approach, based on philosophical assumptions and the Means-Ends framework, models of allocation, discovery and creation are the three main patterns in the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities task. Furthermore, Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Opportunities are the two main and distinct perspectives on entrepreneurial opportunities that have developed two main streams of entrepreneurial opportunity studies and research. These two perspectives, in contrast to each other, can be examined from different dimensions of models, approaches, nature and requirements of the phases of entrepreneurial opportunities exploitation and value creation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Entrepreneurial Opportunity
  • Allocation
  • Discovery
  • Creation
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