حرکت های «جمعی» و تغییرات نهاد و فناوری: بررسی چند نظام نوآوری منتخب

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر پژوهشکده سیاست گذاری علم، فناوری و صنعت دانشگاه صنعتی شریف

2 عضو هیئت علمی پژوهشکده سیاست گذاری علم، فناوری و صنعت دانشگاه صنعتی شریف

چکیده

شواهد متعددی در مورد تأثیر حرکت‌های جمعی بر تحولات نهادی ـ فناورانۀ صنایع مختلف وجود دارد. به‌این ترتیب، اگرچه نقش بنگاه‌ها و تلاش فردی آنها برای رقابت و دستیابی به منافع، یکی از پیشران‌های اصلی تحولات نهادی و فناوری است، اما پیشران مهم دیگر در تحولات نهادی و فناوری، «همکاری‌های جمعی» برای دستیابی به اهدافی فراتر از سودآوری فرد فرد بنگاه‌هاست. در این مقاله و با بررسی چند نظام نوآوری منتخب (صنعت رنگ آلمان، صنعت ایمپلنت حلزونی آمریکا، صنعت خودروی آمریکا و صنعت فناوری اطلاعات تایوان) نشان داده خواهد شد که در پس تغییرات نهاد و فناوری، شبکه‌ای از افراد و کنشگران کلیدی (کارآفرینان نهادی) حضور داشته و حرکت‌های جمعی این شبکۀ کنشگران است که منجر به شکل‌گیری و تکامل نهادهای جدید می‌شود. این مقاله، به نقد دو دیدگاه مطرح در تبیین تغییرات نظام‌های نوآوری (دیدگاه دولت‌محور و فردمحور) می‌پردازد.



کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Collective Action and techno-institutional transformations: a study on some selected innovation systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rouholah Hamidi Motlagh 1
  • Ali Babaee 1
  • Ali Maleki 2
چکیده [English]

Numerous evidences exist about the effect of collective actions on techno-institutional transformations in different industries. Hence, although the firms and their individual efforts for achieving interests is a main driving force of techno-institutional transformations, but another important driving force is the collective actions to achieve aims beyond profitability of individual firms. In this article, by studying some selected innovation systems – German’s dye industry, United States’ cochlear implant industry, United States’ auto industry, and Taiwan’s IT industry- we show that a network of individuals and key actors (i.e. institutional entrepreneurs) are the main driving force in every techno-institutional transformation, and collective actions of this network cause the formation and evolution of new institutions. This article criticizes two well-known perspectives in explaining innovation system changes, i.e. state-based perspective and individual-based perspective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Collective Action
  • Institutional Change
  • Technological Transformation
  • Institutional Entrepreneur
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