Export Promotion Agencies and Programs; Implications for policy makers of technology-based firms' export

Document Type : Review article

Authors

1 IUST

2 Narmak

Abstract

Export promotion and support for the internationalization of enterprises is always on the public agenda. Export promotion programs are among the policies implemented to remove barriers to the presence of companies especially small and medium-sized companies in international markets. Although the export of technology-based products currently accounts for a small share of the country's exports, but due to the development of the ecosystem of technology-based firms in recent years and the relative success of these companies in meeting the country's needs, these companies have the potential to enter global markets; which is very important for their survival. This article provides a comprehensive overview of studies in the field of export promotion programs and the features and main components of these programs. By presenting a thematic classification of the studies, this study will examine the dimensions of the level of development of societies, functions and management and financial structure of these agencies, efficiency and effectiveness of programs and specific requirements of high technology products. Five main decision-making areas in the field of support programs have been identified: the level of awareness of export development programs, support based on the size or export experience of the company, the level of private sector participation in the board of export promotion agencies, and finally the presence of active diplomatic representatives. Finally, in order to improve the current knowledge of managers, the implications of the studies conducted for export policy makers of technology-based firms will be presented.

Keywords

References

#Ahmed, Z., Mohamed, O., Johnson, J., and Meng, L. (2002). “Export promotion programs of Malaysian firms: international marketing perspective”. Journal of Business Research, 92(10), pp. 831-843.
Amini, A., and Fatahi, H. (2018). “Designing a Model for the Internationalization of SME’s in Nano-Based Knowledge Companies”. Journal of Business Management, 10(3), pp. 583-602. {In Persian}
Ayob, A. H. and Freixanet, J. (2014). “Insights into public export promotion programs in an emerging economy: The case of Malaysian SMEs”. Evaluation and Program Planning, 46, pp. 38–46.
Beard, C. and Easingwood, C. (1996). “New product launch: Marketing action and launch tactics for high-technology products”. In Industrial Marketing Management, 25(2), pp. 87–103.
Benkenstein, M. and Bloch, B. (1994). “Strategic Marketing Management in Hi‐tech Industries: A Stock‐taking”. In Markethng Intelligence and Planning.
Bernard, A. B., Jensen, J. Bradford. (2004). “Why Some Firms Export”. In Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), pp. 561–569.
Cadot, O., Fernandes, A. M., Gourdon. J., and A. Mattoo. (2015). “Are the benefits of export support durable? Evidence from Tunisia”. Journal of International Economics, 97(2), pp. 310–324.Calof, J. L., and Beamish, P. W. (1995). “Adapting to foreign markets: Explaining internationalization”. International Business Review, 4(2), pp. 115-131.
Cavusgil, S. T., and Yeoh, P. L. (1994). “Public-Sector Promotion Of United-States Export Activity - A Review And Directions For The Future”. In Journal Of Public Policy & Marketing, 13(1), pp. 76–84.
Comi, S., and Resmini, L. (2019). “Are export promotion programs effective in promoting the internalization of SMEs?”. In Economia Politica, 37(2), pp. 547-581.
Coudounaris, D. N. (2018). “Export promotion programmes for assisting SMEs”. Review of International Business and Strategy, 28(1), pp. 77. DOI: 10.1108/RIBS-06-2017-0050.
Crick, D., and V. Lindsay. (2015). “Service and service-intensive New Zealand Internationalising SMEs: Managers’ perceptions of government assistance”. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(3), pp. 366–393.
Criscuolo, C., Gal, P. N., and Menon, C. (2014). “The Dynamics of Employment Growth: New Evidence from 18 Countries: OECD”. Available online at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/the-dynamics-of-employment-growth_5jz417hj6hg6-en.
Czinkota, M. R., and Wongtada, N. (1997). “The effect of export promotion on U.S. trade performance: An analysis of industry internationalization”. In International Trade Journal, 11(1), pp. 5–37.
De Kok, J., Liebregts, W., Som, O., and Neuhäusler, P. (2013). “The impact of the economic crisis on European SMEs”. In Scales Research Reports (H201305).Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B. B., and Tse, K. Y. (1993). “Understanding the role of export marketing assistance: empirical evidence and research needs”. European Journal of marketing, 27(4), pp. 5-18.‌
Dominguez, N. (2018). “Promotion agencies and SMEs’ internationalization process: A blessing or a curse?” In Journal Of International Entrepreneurship, 16(1), pp. 58–81.
Esmaeilpour, R., Soleimani, R., Akbari, M., and Ebrahimpor, M. (2020). “Designing a Strategic Model for Internationalization of Iranian Knowledge Based”.Journal of International Business Administration, 3(1), pp. 83-108. {In Persian}
 Farahmand Moein, H. (2018). “Explaining Vertical-Selective Policies in Export Policy of Iran”. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 08(3), pp. 21-32. {In Persian}
Francis, J., and Collins-Dodd, C. (2004). “Impact of export promotion programs on firm competencies, strategies and performance - The case of Canadian high-technology SMEs”. In International Marketing Review, 21(4-5), pp. 474–495.
Freixanet, J., and Churakova, I. (2018). “The impact of export promotion programs on firms’ export competencies and performance in a transition economy: The case of Russian manufacturers”. Journal of East-West Business, 24(4), pp. 287–318.
Girma, S., Görg, H., and Wagner, J. (2009). “Subsidies and Exports in Germany. First Evidence from Enterprise Panel Data”. In Applied Economics Quarterly, 55(3), pp. 179–195.
Hatami, M., Cheraghali, M., Saeedi, P., and Mostaghimi, M. (2021). “Provide an internationalization model for small and medium-sized industrial businesses supported by the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund”. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 11(2), pp. 12-44.  {In Persian}
Jalali, S. H. (2012). “The effect of export promotion programmes on export performance: Evidence from Iranian food manufacturers”. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 9(2), pp. 122–133.
Karoubi, B., Lecerf, M. and Bertrand, G. (2018). “Are export promotion programs efficient for small and medium enterprises?” In Economics Bulletin, 38(1), pp. 105-110.
Khayatian Yazdi, M., Elyasi, M., and Tabatabaeeian, H. (2016). “The Model for Sustainability of Knowledge-based Firms in Iran”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 9(2), pp. 49-62. {In Persian}
Koksal, M. H. (2009). “Organizational and exporting determinants affecting export promotion program awareness, utilization, and usefulness level”. Journal of Euromarketing, 18(4), pp. 219–232.Laurell, H., Anderson, S., and Achtenhagen, L. (2013). “The importance of industry context for new venture internationalisation: A case study from the life science”. Journal of International Enterpreneurship, 11(4), pp. 297-319.
Lederman, D., Olarreaga, M., and Payton, L. (2009). “Export Promotion Agencies Revisited”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5125.
Lederman, D., Olarreaga, M., and Payton, L. (2010). “Export promotion agencies: Do they work?” In Journal of Development Economics, 91(2), pp. 257–265.
Leonidou, L. (2004). “An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development”. In JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 42(3), pp. 279–302.
Leonidou, L. C. (1995). “Empirical Research on Export Barriers: Review, Assessment, and Synthesis”. In Journal of International Marketing, 3(1), pp. 29–43.
Leonidou, L. C., Palihawadana, D., and Theodosiou, M. (2011). “National Export-Promotion Programs as Drivers of Organizational Resources and Capabilities: Effects on Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Performance”. In Journal of International Marketing, 19(2), pp. 1–29.
Maine E. M., Shapiro D. M., and Vining AR. (2010). “The role of clustering in the growth of new technology-based firms”. Journal of Small Business Economics, 34(2), pp. 127-146.
Malca, O., Peña-Vinces, J., and Acedo, F. J. (2019). “Export promotion programmes as export performance catalysts for SMEs: insights from an emerging economy”. Small Bus Econ (Small Business Economics). DOI. org/10.1007/s11187-019-00185-2.
Moshabaki, A., and Khademi, A. (2012). “The Effect of Export Promotion Programs on Firm Export Performance”. Journal of Management Improvement, 6(3), pp. 98-135. {In Persian}
Naidu, G. M., and Rao, T. R. (1993). “Public sector promotion of exports: a needs-based approach”. Journal of Business Research, 27(1), pp. 85-101.‌
Narimani, M. (2017). “Studying Issues and Problems of Financing Knowledge Based Enterprises”. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 07(1), pp. 13-15. {In Persian}
Ogram, E. (1982). “Exporters and non-exporters: A profile of small manufacturing firms in Georgia.” In Czinkota, M. , and Tesar, G. (Eds.), Export Management. New York: Praeger.
Olarreaga, M., Sperlich, S., and Trachsel, V. (2016). “Export Promotion: What Works?”. Available at SSRN 2780378.
Olarreaga, M., Sperlich, S., and Trachsel, V. (2020). “Exploring the Heterogeneous Effects of Export Promotion”. In World Bank Economic Review, 34(2), pp. 332–350.
Osman, M., Ramayah, T., and Woon, O. P. (2011). “Exploring relevance of services of national trade development agencies in the international economy”. Singapore Management Review, 33(1), pp. 77–110.Paul, J., and Gupta, P. (2014). “Process and Intensity of Internationalization of IT Firms: Evidence from India”. International Business Review, 23(3), pp. 594-603.
Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, A., and Forte, R. (2020). “Export Promotion Programs: Differences between Advanced and Emerging Economies”. Journal of East-West Business, 26(3), pp. 213-234.
Roberts, E. B., and Senturia, T. A. (1996). “Globalizing the emerging high-technology company”. In INDUSTRIAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT, 25(6), pp. 491–506.
Rose, A. K. (2005). “The Foreign Service and Foreign Trade: Embassies as Export Promotion” Working Paper 11111 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (USA).
Salomon, R. M., and Shaver, J. M. (2005). “Learning by Exporting: New Insights from Examining Firm Innovation”. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 14, pp. 431-460.
Schmidt, F. H. d., and Ferreira, d. S. J. (2015). “Export assistance: A literature review and challenges for future research”. Brasília: Institute for Applied Economic Research (ipea) (Discussion PaperUR - https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/220279, 191).
Seringhaus, F. H. R. (1990). “Program impact evaluation. Application to export promotion”. In Evaluation and Program Planning, 13(3), pp. 251–265.
Singer, T. O., and Czinkota, M. R. (1994). “Factors Associated with Effective use of Export Assistance”. In Journal of International Marketing, 2(1), pp. 53–71.
Spence, M .(2003). “International strategy foundation in small Canadian high-technology companies – A case study approach”. Journal of International Enterpreneurship, 1(3), pp. 277-296.
Van Biesebroeck, J., Yu. E., and Chen, S. (2015). “The impact of trade promotion services on Canadian exporter performance”. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’economique, 48(4), pp. 1481–1512.
Verwaal, E., and Donkers, B. (2002). “Firm Size and Export Intensity: Solving an Empirical Puzzle”. In Journal Of International Business Studies, 33(3), pp. 603–613.
Wagner, j. (2007). “Exports and Productivity: A Survey of the Evidence from Firm‐level Data”. In World Economy, 30(1), pp. 60–82.
Wang, X., Chen, A., Wang, H., and Li, Shengxiao. (2017). “Effect of export promotion programs on export performance: Evidence from manufacturing SMEs”. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 18(1), pp. 131–145.
Wiedersheim-Paul, F., Olson, H. C., and Welch, L. S. (1978). “Pre-export activity: The first step in internationalization”. Journal of international business studies, 9(1), pp. 47-58.‌
Zakery, A., and Naimi, A. (2020). “Importance-performance analysis of internationalization programs for technology-based-firms in Iran”. 10th International Conference and 14th National Conference on Technology Management and Innovation. {In Persian}
Zamani, A., Rahmati, M., Zandhessami, H., and Yazdani, H. (2019). “An Analysis of the Motivating and Barring Factors of International Strategic Collaboration of New Technology-Based Firms (Case study: Iranian and German Biotechnology Companies)”. Journal of International Business Administration, 2(2), pp. 145-169. {In Persian}
Zarei, B., and Marjovi, A. (2018). “Strategic Internationalization of Knowledge Based New Ventures in Iran: a Longitudinal Case Study Aiming at Creation of Actionable Knowledge”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 11(2), pp. 29-46. {In Persian}#

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 19 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 03 August 2021
  • Accept Date: 08 August 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics