پیشرفت های نظری در تبیین گذارهای فناورانه، با تأکید بر نقش رویکرد سیستم های فنی - اجتماعی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران

2 .دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت فناوری، دانشکدۀ مدیریت دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

ظهور فناوری های جدید فقط به معنی تغییر یا نسخ فناوری های موجود نیست، بلکه مقارن با ساختارها و تنظیمات اجتماعی جدیدی است. ازاین رو، مدیریت گذار فناورانه صرفاً به معنی حمایت از تحقیقات و توسعۀ فناوری های نوظهور نیست و مستلزم حکمرانی صحیحِ تغییر از سیستم فنی - اجتماعی موجود به سیستم فنی - اجتماعی جدیدی است. توصیف این تغییرات از اهداف رویکردها و چارچوب های گوناگونی نظیر رویکرد سیستم های نوآوری (به ویژه رویکرد سیستم های نوآوری فناورانه) و رویکرد چند لایه ای است. نظریه پردازان بعضی از شاخه های مشتق از رویکرد چند لایه، یعنی مدیریت استراتژیک جاویژه ها و مدیریت گذار یا توسعه های مفهومی سیستم های نوآوری فناورانه مثل موتورهای نوآوری، رویکردی به مراتب تجویزی تر دارند. در این مقاله، با دیدگاه مقایسه ای، به سِیر شکل گیری این رویکردها،اشتراک ها و افتراق ها و بنیان های نظری ای می پردازیم که در سِیر توسعۀ این رویکردها مؤثر بوده اند. به نظر می رسد تلفیق بینش های حاصل از دو جریان اصلی، یعنی رویکردهای سیستم های نوآوری و رویکردهای مبتنی بر سیستم های فنی - اجتماعی، آیندۀ تحلیل و سیاست گذاری گذارهای فناورانه را شکل خواهد داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Theoretical Advances in Explaining Technological Transition, with Emphasis on Socio-technical Systems Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Saghafi 1
  • Mandana Azadegan-Mehr 2
چکیده [English]

The emergence of new technologies means not only substitution or changes in existing technologies, but also emergence of  new social settings and structures. Hence technological transition management is not simply supporting new technology  development, but proper governance of change from a socio-technical system to a new socio-technical system. Some main frameworks and approaches such as innovation systems approach and multi-layer perspective explain these technological  changes and transformations. Also some conceptual developments of theses main frameworks tend to follow a more  prescriptive orientation. This paper compares these frameworks, the path of formation and theoretical foundations  contributed to development of them. Growing convergence between innovation systems approach and multi-layer  perspective framework based on socio-technical system thinking and their branches in recent researches is seen and shows  that integration of insights of these approaches may provide new and more comprehensive rationale for policy making in the  field of technological transition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Technology Transition
  • Socio-technical Systems
  • Multi-layer Perspective (MLP)
  • Innovation Systems Approach

مراجع

منابع
باقری مقدم، ن.، م. موسوی درچه، م. نصیری و ع. معلمی (1391). موتورهای محرک نوآوری: چارچوبی برای تحلیل پویایی نظام نوآوری فناورانه. مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور.
Bergek, A., M. Hekkert, S. Jacobsson, J. Markard, B. Sandén and B. Truffer (2015). “Technological Innovation Systems in Contexts: Conceptualizing Contextual Structures and Interaction Dynamics”. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions.
Berkhout, F., A. Smith and A. Stirling (2004). “Socio-Technological Regimes and Transition Contexts”. System Innovation and the Transition to Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 44(106), pp. 48-75.
Bulkeley, H., H. Schroeder, K. Janda, J. Zhao, A. Armstrong, S. Y. Chu and S. Ghosh (2011). “The Role of Institutions, Governance and Urban Planning for Mitigation and Adaptation”. Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda, 62696, pp. 125-159.
Carlsson, B., S. Jacobsson, M. Holmén and A. Rickne (2002). “Innovation Systems: Analytical and Methodological Issues”. Research Policy, 31(2), pp. 233-245.
Elzen, B., F. W. Geels and K. Green (eds.) (2004). System Innovation and the Transition to Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Geels, F. W. (2002). “Technological Transitions as Evolutionary Reconfiguration Processes: A Multi-Level Perspective and a Case-Study”. Research Policy, 31(8), pp. 1257-1274.
Geels, F. W. (2005). “Processes and Patterns in Transitions and System Innovations: Refining the Co-Evolutionary Multi-Level Perspective”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(6), pp. 681-696.
Geels, F. and Raven, R. (2006). “Non-Linearity and Expectations in Niche-Development Trajectories: Ups and Downs in Dutch Biogas Development (1973-2003)”. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(3-4), pp. 375-392.
Geels, F. W. and Schot, J. (2007). “Typology of Sociotechnical Transition Pathways”. Research Policy, 36(3), pp. 399-417.
Genus, A. and Coles, A. M. (2008). “Rethinking the Multi-Level Perspective of Technological Transitions”. Research Policy, 37(9), pp. 1436-1445.
Hekkert, M. P., R. A. A. Suurs, S. O. Negro, S. Kuhlmann and R. E. H. M. Smiths (2007). “Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change”. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 74, pp. 413-432.
Hellsmark, H. and Jacobsson, S. (2009). “Opportunities for and Limits to Academics as System Builders—The Case of Realizing the Potential of Gasified Biomass in Austria”. Energy Policy, 37(12), pp. 5597-5611.
Hoogma, R. (2002). Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Taylor & Francis.
Hughes, Tomas P. (1987). “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems”. In The Social Construction of Technological Systems, edited by W. E. Bijker, T. P. Huges and T. Pinch. Cambridge, The MIT Press.
Kanger, L. and Schot, J. (2018). “Deep Transitions: Theorizing the Long-Term Patterns of Socio-Technical Change”. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions.
Kemp, R. P. M., A. Rip and J. W. Schot (2001). Constructing Transition Paths through the Management of Niches.
Kemp, R. and Rip, A. (1998). “Technological Change”. In S. Rayner and E. L. Malone (eds.), Human Choice and Climate Change: An International Assessment. Battelle Press Columbus, pp. 327-401.
Kern, F. (2012). “Using the Multi-Level Perspective on Socio-Technical Transitions to Assess Innovation Policy”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(2), pp. 298-310.
Loorbach, D. (2010). “Transition Management for Sustainable Development: A Prescriptive, Complexity based Governance Framework”. Governance, 23(1), pp. 161-168.
Markard, J. (2017). “Sustainability Transitions: Exploring the Emerging Research Field and Its Contribution to Management Studies”. In 33rd EGOS Colloquium, Copenhagen.
Markard, J., J. Musiolik and M. Hekkert (2012). “Networks and Network Resources in Technological Innovation Systems: Towards a Conceptual Framework for System Building”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(6), pp. 1032-1048.
Markard, J., M. Hekkert and S. Jacobsson (2015). “The Technological Innovation Systems Framework: Response to Six Criticisms”. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 16, pp. 76-86.
Mattes, J., A. Huber and J. Koehrsen (2015). “Energy Transitions in Small-Scale Regions–What We Can Learn from a Regional Innovation Systems Perspective”. Energy Policy, 78, pp. 255-264.
Musiolik, J. and Markard, J. (2011). “Creating and Shaping Innovation Systems: Formal Networks in the Innovation System for Stationary Fuel Cells in Germany”. Energy Policy, 39(4), pp. 1909-1922.
Negro, S. O., M. P. Hekkert and R. E. Smits (2007). “Explaining the Failure of the Dutch Innovation System for Biomass Digestion—A Functional Analysis”. Energy Policy, 35(2), pp. 925-938.
Perez, C. (2010). “Technological Revolutions and Techno-Economic Paradigms”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 34(1), pp. 185-202.
Raven, R., S. Van den Bosch and R. Weterings (2010). “Transitions and Strategic Niche Management: Towards a Competence Kit for Practitioners”. International Journal of Technology Management, 51(1), pp. 57-74.
Rotmans, J., R. Kemp and M. Van Asselt (2001). “More Evolution than Revolution: Transition Management in Public Policy”. Foresight, 3(1), pp. 15-31.
Safarzyńska, K. and Van den Bergh, J. C. (2010). “Demand-Supply Coevolution with Multiple Increasing Returns: Policy Analysis for Unlocking and System Transitions”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(2), pp. 297-317.
Smith, A., J. P. Voß and J. Grin (2010). “Innovation Studies and Sustainability Transitions: The Allure of the Multi-Level Perspective and Its Challenges”. Research Policy, 39(4), pp. 435-448.
Sondeijker, S., J. Geurts, J. Rotmans and A. Tukker (2006). “Imagining Sustainability: The Added Value of Transition Scenarios in Transition Management”. Foresight, 8(5), pp. 15-30.
Suurs, R. A. A., M. P. Hekkert and R. E. H. M. Smiths (2009). “Understanding the Build-up of a Technological Innovation System around Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies”. Hydrogen Energy, 34, pp. 9639-9654.
Suurs, R. A. A., M. P. Hekkert, S. Kiekeboom and R. E. H. M. Smihts (2010). “Understandingthe Formative Stage of Technological Innovation System Development: The Caseof Natural Gas as an Automative Fuel”. Energy Policy, 38, pp. 419-431.
Van de Poel, I. (2003). “The Transformation of Technological Regimes”. Research Policy, 32(1), pp. 49-68.
Weber, K. M. and Rohracher, H. (2012). “Legitimizing Research, Technology and Innovation Policies for Transformative Change: Combining Insights from Innovation Systems and Multi-Level Perspective in a Comprehensive ‘Failures’ Framework”. Research Policy, 41(6), pp. 1037-1047.
سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
دوره 08، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 23
ویژه نامه سیستم های نوآوری
مرداد 1397
صفحه 113-128

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 13 اسفند 1397
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 13 اسفند 1397

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار