شناسایی و دسته‌بندی شکست‌های سیستمی در نظام ملّی نوآوری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی‌ارشد مدیریت فناوری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران

2 استادیار دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه تهران (دانشکدگان فارابی)

3 استادیار، گروه تامین مالی و اقتصاد علم، فناوری و نوآوری، موسسه تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور

چکیده

مقالة پیش رو با هدف شناسایی شکست‌های سیستمی نظام ملّی نوآوری ایران تدوین گردیده و سعی نموده تا به‌کمک نظرات طیف وسیعی از خبرگان حوزۀ سیاست‌گذاری علم، فنّاوری و نوآوری و کنشگران نظام ملّی نوآوری و با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون، شکست‌های سیستمی نظام ملّی نوآوری ایران را شناسایی و دسته‌بندی کند. براساس نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، در مجموع 43 شکست سیستمی عمده در نظام ملّی نوآوری ایران شناسایی گردید که این مجموعه شکست‌ها ذیل 12 حوزه‌ی کارکردی از فعالیت‌ها دسته‌بندی شد. این 12 حوزه کارکردی عبارتند از: 1) سیاست‌گذاری، جهت‌دهی، ارزیابی و نظارت نظام؛ 2) مشروعیت‌بخشی به نوآوری؛ 3) آگاه‌سازی عمومی نسبت به مسائل؛ 4) آموزش، توسعه و توانمندسازی سرمایه انسانی؛ 5) تأمین مالی پژوهش، توسعه فنّاوری و نوآوری؛ 6) خلق دانش و انجام تحقیق‌وتوسعه؛ 7) انتشار دانش، همکاری و شبکه‌سازی؛ 8) فعّالیت‌های محرک تقاضا و بازار؛ 9) فعّالیت‌های کارآفرینانه (تولید محصولات و خدمات جدید)؛ 10) ارتقاء هوشمندی سیاستی راهبردی؛ 11) انجام تغییرات ساختاری و نهادی؛ و 12) شتاب‌دهی و تسریع رشد کسب‌وکارها. همچنین با مقایسه و تطبیق نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش با دیگر مطالعات انجام‌گرفته، مهمترین شکست‌های سیستمی نظام ملّی نوآوری ایران به‌ترتیب عبارتند از: 1) نبود انسجام میان سیاست‌ها و ضعف در نظارت، ارزیابی و ایجاد سازوکارهای اجرائی و حمایتی برای سیاست‌های نوآوری کشور؛ 2) وجود تولی‌گری چندگانه در امر علم، فنّاوری و نوآوری در کشور؛ 3) ضعف در حضور، هماهنگی و تقسیم کار شفاف بین بازیگران نظام ملّی نوآوری؛ 4) ضعف در سازوکارهای مناسب جهت مشارکت و هم‌افزایی بین بازیگران مختلف برای ارائه مشاوره و انتشار فنّاوری و 5) ضعف در اولویت‌بندی مسائل و ارائه راه‌کارهای سیاستی با توجه به نیازهای منطقه‌ای و ملی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identification and Classification of System Failures in Iran's National Innovation System

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Shirzadegan 1
  • Mostafa Safdari Ranjbar 2
  • Parisa Alizadeh 3
1 M.S. in Technology Management, Department of Management and Accounting, University of Tehran (College of Farabi)
2 Assistant Professor at Department of Management and Accounting, University of Tehran (College of Farabi)
3 Assistant Professor, STI Financing and Economics Department, National Research Institute for Science Policy
چکیده [English]

This article was compiled to identify the system failures of Iran's national innovation system and tried to identify and categorize these system failures with the help of the opinions of a wide range of experts in the field of science, technology, and innovation policy and with the Thematic analysis method. Based on the results of this research, a total of 43 major system failures were identified in Iran's national innovation system, and these failures were categorized under 12 functional areas of activities. These 12 functional areas are 1) policy-making, orientation, assessment and monitoring of the system;2) legitimizing innovation; 3) public awareness of issues; 4) education, development, and empowerment of human capital; 5) financing research, technological development and innovation; 6) knowledge creation and R&D; 7) knowledge dissemination, cooperation, and networking; 8) demand and market stimulating activities; 9) entrepreneurial activities (new products and services); 10) promoting strategic policy intelligence; 11) structural and institutional changes; and 12) accelerating business growth. Also, by comparing the results of this research with other studies, the most important system failures of Iran's national innovation system are 1) lack of coherence between policies and weakness in monitoring, assessing, and creating executive and support mechanisms for the country's innovation policies; 2) the existence of multiple responsibilities in the matter of science, technology and innovation in the country; 3) Weakness in the presence, coordination and clear division of work between the actors of the national innovation system; 4) Weakness in proper mechanisms for participation and synergy between different actors to provide advice and technology dissemination; and 5) weakness in prioritizing issues and providing policy solutions according to the regional and national needs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • National Innovation System
  • System Failure
  • Thematic Analysis
  • Functional Analysis
Abbaszadeh, M., and Abbaszadeh, M. (2012). “Validity and reliability in qualitative researches”. Journal of Applied Sociology, 23(1), pp. 19-34. {In Persian}
Abdi, M. (2013). “Presenting a pattern for policy extracting to promote Iran's NIS by TOC Thinking Process”. Ph.D. Dissertation in Science and Technology Policy Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. {In Persian}
Alavi, S., Nazmfar, H., and Hasanzadeh, M. (2022). “Analyzing Iran's Innovation Status in Comparison with Some Selected Countries in 2025 Vision Document”. Quarterly Journal of the Macro and Strategic Policies, 10(39), 444-474. doi: 10.30507/jmsp.2022.321308.2353{In Persian}
Alinaghian, A., Safdari Ranjbar, M., and Mohammadi, M. (2021). “Policy objectives and instruments of artificial intelligence (AI) development; Investigating the policy programs of selected countries”. Rahyaft, 31(3), pp. 95-122. {In Persian}
Alnafrah, I. (2021). “Efficiency evaluation of BRICS’s national innovation systems based on bias-corrected network data envelopment analysis”. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. 10(1), pp. 1-28.
Altenburg, T, (2009). Building Inclusive Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: Challenges for IS Research, Chapters, Handbook of Innovation Systems and Developing Countries, chapter 2. Elgar Publishing.
Aspers, P., and Corte, U. (2019). “What Is Qualitative in Qualitative Research”. Qualitative Sociology, 42.
Attarpour, M. R., Fartash, K., Elyasi, M., and Sadabadai, A. A. (2019). “Proposing policy tools for developing production and demand of knowledge-based products using the concept of policy mix and system failures”. Journal of Improvement Management, 13(2), pp. 61-97. {In Persian}
Bagherinejad, J., kasraei, A., farshad, H. (2019). “Identification and Analysis on Systemic failures of Iranian National Innovation System”. Journal of Innovation and Value Creation, (10). {In Persian}
Bastos, C and Weber, M K., (2018). Foresight for shaping national innovation systems in developing economies, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 128(C). Elsevier.
Chaminade, C. Esquist, C. (2010). Rationales for Public Policy Intervention in the Innovation Process: Systems of Innovation Approach. Chapters, in: Ruud E. Smits and Stefan Kuhlmann and Phillip Shapira (ed.), The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy, chapter 5. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chaminade, C., Lundvall, B.-Å., and Haneef, S. (2018). Advanced Introduction to National Innovation Systems. (Advanced Introductions). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chaminade, C. Padilla-Pérez, R. (2017). The challenge of alignment and barriers for the design and implementation of science, technology and innovation policies for innovation systems in developing countries. Research Handbook on Innovation Governance for Emerging Economies, chapter 6, p.p 181-204, Edward Elgar Publishing.
De Oliveira, L. G. S., Subtil Lacerda, J., and Negro, S. O. (2020). “A mechanism-based explanation for blocking mechanisms in technological innovation systems”. Environmental Innovation, 37, pp. 18-38.
Dworak, E. (2020). The Innovation Gap between the Polish Economy and the European Union, Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, pp. 63–73.
Dworak, E., Grzelak, M.M., Roszko-Wójtowicz, E. (2021). “Comparison of National Innovation Systems in the European Union Countries”. Risks, 10 (1), p.6.
Edquist, C. (2011). “Systems of innovation: Perspectives and Challenges”. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 2(3), pp. 14-43.
Eggink, M (2013). “The Components of an Innovation System: A Conceptual Innovation System Framework”. Journal of Innovation and Business Best Practices, Vol. 2013. Article ID 768378.
Freeman, C. (1992). The Economics of Hope. London: Pinter Publishers.
Ghazanfari, R., and AliAhmadi, A. (2019). “National Innovation Systems in Iran”. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science6(1), pp. 1-23. {In Persian}
Ghazinoory, S. S., and Ghazinoory, S. S. (2008). “Extracting Strategies for Modification of the National Innovation System of Iran”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 1(1), pp. 53-64. {In Persian}
Ghazinoory, S. S., Khaledi, A., Nasri, S., and Hoseini, H. (2021). “Nanotechnology innovation system in Iran ‎Based on Functional and Structural Components”. Innovation Management in Defensive Organizations, 4(1), pp. 25-52. {In Persian}
Gogodze, J. (2016). “Mechanisms and Functions within a National Innovation System”. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation., 11, pp. 12–21
Jacobsson, S. Johnson A. (2000). “The diffusion of renewable energy technology: an analytical framework and key issues for research”. Energy Policy 28 (9). Pp. 625 – 640.
Haji-Hosseini, H., mohammadi, M., Abbasi, F., and Elyasi, M. (2011). “Analysis of Iranian Innovation System's Governance Based on Innovation Policy Making Cycle”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 4(3), pp. 33-48. {In Persian}
Haghighi Boroujeni, P., Karimi, T., Safdari Ranjbar, M., and Jafari, S. M. (2023). “providing the framework of knowledge functions and actors of the national innovation system; Systematic synthesis of research”. Strategic Management of Organizational Knowledge, 6(1), pp. 61-106. {In Persian}
Halliday. M, Mill. D, Johnson J, Lee. K. (2021). Let's talk virtual! Online focus group facilitation for the modern researcher. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP, 17(12), pp. 2145-2150.
Hasabi, F, and Kheradmandnia, S. (2022). In the path of knowledge-based and job-creating production: institutional pathology of science and technology commercialization system in the country. Tehran, Iran: Islamic Parliament Research Center (IPRC). {In Persian}
Hashemi, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2020). “Doing a Research by Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step Guide for Learning and Teaching (Case Study: Music usage of M.A. Students at Ilam University)”. A Scientific Journal of Ilam Culture, 20(64.65), pp. 7-33. {In Persian}
Hashemi, M., Safdari Ranjbar, M., and Noorbakhsh, A. (2021). “Identifying Block-chain Windows of Opportunity in Iran’s Banking Industry”. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 11(2), pp. 35-53. {In Persian}
Karimi, A. and Maleki, A. (2023). “Examining the Status of Iran in the Global Innovation Index”. Roshd -e- Fanavari ,73 (19) ,pp. 51-58. {In Persian}
Khodadad Hosseini, S. H., Riahi, P., and Nouri, M. (2012). “Promotion of Innovation in Developing Countries”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 5(1), pp. 101-116. {In Persian}
Lehmann, E and Schenkenhofer, J. (2020). National systems of innovation. Oxford University Press.
Lewis, P.A. (2020). The Innovation Systems Approach: An Austrian and Ostromian Perspective. Review of Austrian Economics, Forthcoming.
Lundvall, B. A. (1992) National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, Pinter Publishers. London, New York.
Manteghi, M., Hasani, A., and Boushehri, A. (2009). “Identifying the Policy Making Challenges in the National Innovation System of Iran”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 2(3), {In Persian}
Metcalfe, J. S. (1995). “Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), pp. 25–46.
Miremadi, S. I. (2019). “National Innovation System and Its Role in Improving Science, Technology and Innovation Policies”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 12(2), pp. 135-154. {In Persian}
Miremadi, T. (2012). “The Vicious Circles of Underdevelopment and Their Impacts on the National Innovation System in Iran”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 5(3), pp. 17-30. {In Persian}
Mohammadi, M. (2016). “A Model for Evaluating and Comparing the National Innovation Systems in 146 Countries”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 8(4), pp. 57-80. {In Persian}
Mousavi, A., and ahmadi, H. (2020). “Extracting the main features of Iran's national innovation system through a systematic mix of research”. Strategic Studies of public policy, 10(34), pp. 102-127. {In Persian}
Morais‐Storz, M; Nguyen, N; Sætre, A (2020). “Post‐Failure Success: Sensemaking in Problem Representation Reformulation”. Journal of Product Innovation Management. Pp. 37(6): 483-505.
Nelson, R. (1993). National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
Niosi, J, (2002). National systems of innovations are "x-efficient" (and x-effective): Why some are slow learners, Research Policy, 31(2), pp. 291-302.
Norouzi, E., Tabatabaeeian, S. H., and Ghazinoori, S. S. (2016). “Assessing the Effect of Intermediary Institutions in Addressing the Weaknesses of the NIS Functions of Iran”. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 9(1), pp. 15-26. {In Persian}
Norozi, E., and Tabatabaeian, S. H. (2016). “An Explication of the Iran’s National Innovation System’s Weaknesses with a Functionalist Approach”. Rahyaft, 26(62). {In Persian}
Pakgohar, A., and khalili, M. (2021). “Investigation of sample size in qualitative sampling methods”. Popularization of Science, 12(1), pp. 270-297. {In Persian}
Prokop, V., Stejskal, J., Klimova, V., and Zitek, V. (2021) “The role of foreign technologies and R & D in innovation processes within catching-up CEE countries”. Plos one, 16(4).
Sadeghikia, M. A. (2021). “mission oriented innovation policy: challenge and opportunitiez”. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 11(1), pp. 113-128. {In Persian}
Shafi'zadeh, H. (2013). “Investigating the development status of the national innovation system (NIS) in the Islamic Republic of Iran”. Socio-Cultural Strategy, 2(3). {In Persian}
Smits, R. and Kuhlmann, S. (2004). “The rise of systemic instruments in innovation policy, International”. Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy 1: 4-32.
Soltani, B., Hajihoseini, H. A., Arasti, M., Ghazinoory, S., Rzavi, M., Shafiaa, M., Manteghi, M., Tabatabaeian, H. A., and Shaverdi, M. (2017). “A Review on Iran’s NIS Challenges and Proposing Policies and Initiatives for Improvement”. Strategic Studies of public policy, 7(23), pp. 185-198. {In Persian}
Soltanzadeh, J, Heydari, K, Dabbaghi, H, Ansari, R. (2017). “A Functional Analysis of National Innovation System of IRAN”. Modiriat-e- farda, (49), pp. 187-204. {In Persian}
Swiadek, A., and Goraczkowska, J. (2020). “The institutional support for an innovation cooperation in industry: the case of Poland”. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(4).
UNCTAD, (2019). “Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review of the Islamic Republic of Iran. an unofficial translation”. {In Persian}
Volchik V. Tsygankov S. Maskaev A. (2023). “Evolution of the national innovation systems of the United States, the United Kingdom, China and Iran. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends”. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, 16(3), pp. 284-301.
Wang, T. (2023). Toward an understanding of innovation failure: The timing of failure experience, Technovation. vol. 125(C). Elsevier.
Weber, K. M., and Rohracher. H, (2012). “Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: systems innovation from insights Combining comprehensive a in perspective level-multi and ’ failures‘ framework”. Research Policy, 41(6), pp. 1037-1047.
Weerasinghe R. N., Jayawardane A. K. W., and Huang Q. (2024). “Critical inquiry on national innovation system: Does NIS fit with developing countries?”. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(1).
Wieczorek. A, J. and Hekkert, M, P. (2012), “Systemic instruments for systemic innovation problems: A framework for policy makers and innovation scholars”. Science and Public Policy, 39, (1), 74-87.
Woolthuis, R. K., Lankhuizen, M., and Gilsing, V. (2005). “A system failure framework for innovation policy design”. Technovation, 25(6), pp 609–619.