Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722An introduction to explaining the position of the concept of "effectiveness" in Iran prevalent "mental model", in order to investigate the reasons of inattention to the effectiveness of the country’s increasing researchesAn introduction to explaining the position of the concept of "effectiveness" in Iran prevalent "mental model", in order to investigate the reasons of inattention to the effectiveness of the country’s increasing researches5281384FAVahidEhsaniMusaAzamiSeyed Mohammad BagherNajafiFaramarzSoheiliJournal Article20170419During recent decades Iran research stakeholders have dramatically increased research quantity and have upgraded Iran science production position on 70 ratings without regard to the impact of their activities. In order to identify the root causes of inattention to research impacts in Iran, «Institutionalism» leads us to investigating Iranian’s common «subjective model» and the position of the notion of «effectiveness» in it. Since the centrality of this concept has only been achieved after some fundamental changes in western attitude, in this study the position of each subjective requirements of the notion of effectiveness in Iranian mental model is investigated compared with the modern western one. The method was Descriptive-Analytical through which points that well-known experts have proposed and reports of foreign travel writers have used as two main sources and Persian poetry and literature have utilized as a secondary one. Findings showed that all abstract prerequisites of the notion of effectiveness have completely different situations in these two subjective models. In other words, the prominent existence of such features as «Fatalism», «challenging causality relationship», «the value of contentment», and inability to assess the effectiveness due to metaphysical nature of «effective», «object of effect», and «essence of effects» resulted in weak potential of Iran common mental model for the concept of effectiveness to having central position and being operational and determinative.During recent decades Iran research stakeholders have dramatically increased research quantity and have upgraded Iran science production position on 70 ratings without regard to the impact of their activities. In order to identify the root causes of inattention to research impacts in Iran, «Institutionalism» leads us to investigating Iranian’s common «subjective model» and the position of the notion of «effectiveness» in it. Since the centrality of this concept has only been achieved after some fundamental changes in western attitude, in this study the position of each subjective requirements of the notion of effectiveness in Iranian mental model is investigated compared with the modern western one. The method was Descriptive-Analytical through which points that well-known experts have proposed and reports of foreign travel writers have used as two main sources and Persian poetry and literature have utilized as a secondary one. Findings showed that all abstract prerequisites of the notion of effectiveness have completely different situations in these two subjective models. In other words, the prominent existence of such features as «Fatalism», «challenging causality relationship», «the value of contentment», and inability to assess the effectiveness due to metaphysical nature of «effective», «object of effect», and «essence of effects» resulted in weak potential of Iran common mental model for the concept of effectiveness to having central position and being operational and determinative.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1384_4b92b5f55daed2b46500c971ed4578e6.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Imparted Policies implementing in National Master Plan for Science and Education Case study: Adjustment the Capacity of Higher Education Institutions (with regard to Geographical Preparation)Imparted Policies implementing in National Master Plan for Science and Education Case study: Adjustment the Capacity of Higher Education Institutions (with regard to Geographical Preparation)29461385FAMohammad SaeedTaslimiKhalilNoruziMahdiSanaiiJournal Article20170419The policies made by Iran’s Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution and its subdivisions has been always faced with the challenge of idleness. This research aims to provide an applicable schema for navigating the process of implementation of these policies. Believing that the method used in this research can also be used in the process of implementation of other decisions of this council, and by having a Participatory Action Research approach, the researchers tried in order to better implementation of the policy titled: “Adjustment the Capacity of Higher Education Institution (With regard to Geographical Preparation)” made by The Strategic Board for Implementation of National Master Plan For Science and Education. Using Action Research in five rounds, A consensus has been reached about the role of all involved parties and institution by themselves.<br />Regarding this consent decision, The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) and The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MHME) have the superior responsibility to implement the 12 proposed decision in their own institutions. Concerning the overpopulation of students in MSRT, the consent was that the Vise Presidency of Science and Technology and Jahad Daneshgahi (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research) should also help to implement the decisions number 1 and 7.The policies made by Iran’s Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution and its subdivisions has been always faced with the challenge of idleness. This research aims to provide an applicable schema for navigating the process of implementation of these policies. Believing that the method used in this research can also be used in the process of implementation of other decisions of this council, and by having a Participatory Action Research approach, the researchers tried in order to better implementation of the policy titled: “Adjustment the Capacity of Higher Education Institution (With regard to Geographical Preparation)” made by The Strategic Board for Implementation of National Master Plan For Science and Education. Using Action Research in five rounds, A consensus has been reached about the role of all involved parties and institution by themselves.<br />Regarding this consent decision, The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) and The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MHME) have the superior responsibility to implement the 12 proposed decision in their own institutions. Concerning the overpopulation of students in MSRT, the consent was that the Vise Presidency of Science and Technology and Jahad Daneshgahi (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research) should also help to implement the decisions number 1 and 7.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1385_5d590e0535e56cc1766e67bc73205da1.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Business environment impact assessment (a case study of the economic situation)Business environment impact assessment (a case study of the economic situation)47681386FASaeedKianpoorMajidRajabiJournal Article20170419The improvement of the business environment is considered in order to provide the necessary substrates for active economic actors and for achieving more efficient private sector as an economic strategy in many countries. The aim of this study was to assess the economic situation and business environment impact on economic activity. This study was qualitative approach using the library. The results show that a total of "instability in laws and regulations," "lack of transparency in politics" and "the lack of sufficient guarantees property rights" are the most important factors of economic insecurity in Iran. It can be concluded according to internal and external hard infrastructure compared to other components, less for economic actors in managing their firm's causing the problem. Financing of economic activity in our country is considered one of the main challenges of the business environment. In recent months, several factors make financing more difficult than in the past production units and Components of the "financing", "business environment in Iran" to be malformed.The improvement of the business environment is considered in order to provide the necessary substrates for active economic actors and for achieving more efficient private sector as an economic strategy in many countries. The aim of this study was to assess the economic situation and business environment impact on economic activity. This study was qualitative approach using the library. The results show that a total of "instability in laws and regulations," "lack of transparency in politics" and "the lack of sufficient guarantees property rights" are the most important factors of economic insecurity in Iran. It can be concluded according to internal and external hard infrastructure compared to other components, less for economic actors in managing their firm's causing the problem. Financing of economic activity in our country is considered one of the main challenges of the business environment. In recent months, several factors make financing more difficult than in the past production units and Components of the "financing", "business environment in Iran" to be malformed.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1386_b547e8f024b17ca1351b34af616483db.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Collective Action and techno-institutional transformations: a study on some selected innovation systemsCollective Action and techno-institutional transformations: a study on some selected innovation systems69861387FARouholahHamidi MotlaghAliBabaeeAliMalekiJournal Article20170419Numerous evidences exist about the effect of collective actions on techno-institutional transformations in different industries. Hence, although the firms and their individual efforts for achieving interests is a main driving force of techno-institutional transformations, but another important driving force is the collective actions to achieve aims beyond profitability of individual firms. In this article, by studying some selected innovation systems – German’s dye industry, United States’ cochlear implant industry, United States’ auto industry, and Taiwan’s IT industry- we show that a network of individuals and key actors (i.e. institutional entrepreneurs) are the main driving force in every techno-institutional transformation, and collective actions of this network cause the formation and evolution of new institutions. This article criticizes two well-known perspectives in explaining innovation system changes, i.e. state-based perspective and individual-based perspective.Numerous evidences exist about the effect of collective actions on techno-institutional transformations in different industries. Hence, although the firms and their individual efforts for achieving interests is a main driving force of techno-institutional transformations, but another important driving force is the collective actions to achieve aims beyond profitability of individual firms. In this article, by studying some selected innovation systems – German’s dye industry, United States’ cochlear implant industry, United States’ auto industry, and Taiwan’s IT industry- we show that a network of individuals and key actors (i.e. institutional entrepreneurs) are the main driving force in every techno-institutional transformation, and collective actions of this network cause the formation and evolution of new institutions. This article criticizes two well-known perspectives in explaining innovation system changes, i.e. state-based perspective and individual-based perspective.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1387_e76df05b4b9b1c57fd5aff2c0b882fe9.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Products’ Supply Planning and Policy Making in Oil IndustryProducts’ Supply Planning and Policy Making in Oil Industry871001388FAMohammadHoseiniJournal Article20170419The process of supplying goods and services in oil industry bears an ancient and established structure and has provided the driving force of this industry during different and difficult conditions such as war and sanctions. The entire needs of the industry were met by Iranian oil services and foreign resources before war. The idea of products supply fostered as foreign contracts were repealed and oil industry was boycotted after Iranian revolution. The self-sufficiency policy revealed in this period resulted in creation and development of a series of supplying industries and the relevant structures of this industry.<br />However, the required software for supply purposes such as purchasing and also the necessary institutions for suppliers and industry authorities’ communication didn’t developed. Therefore, it has faced the issues of information decentralization for purchase and the lack of opacity in the market. In this article, the problems of products supply in oil industry are discussed with a historical approach towards its creation and development.The process of supplying goods and services in oil industry bears an ancient and established structure and has provided the driving force of this industry during different and difficult conditions such as war and sanctions. The entire needs of the industry were met by Iranian oil services and foreign resources before war. The idea of products supply fostered as foreign contracts were repealed and oil industry was boycotted after Iranian revolution. The self-sufficiency policy revealed in this period resulted in creation and development of a series of supplying industries and the relevant structures of this industry.<br />However, the required software for supply purposes such as purchasing and also the necessary institutions for suppliers and industry authorities’ communication didn’t developed. Therefore, it has faced the issues of information decentralization for purchase and the lack of opacity in the market. In this article, the problems of products supply in oil industry are discussed with a historical approach towards its creation and development.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1388_d6f0f7e2295066bad6f84b45cb5b5dcf.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Identifying the Aspects and Affecting Factors on Science and Technology Diplomacy Development: a Research Based On Thematic AnalysisIdentifying the Aspects and Affecting Factors on Science and Technology Diplomacy Development: a Research Based On Thematic Analysis1051201389FAMohammad MahdiZolfagharzadehMahdiHajariJournal Article20170419Today diplomatic and political relations between countries in order to strengthen science and technology, are increasing under the concept of science and technology diplomacy. Science and technology diplomacy can be defined as a set of strategies and tactics that are employed in foreign policy of a country, and this system operate scientific and technological achievements to upgrade their capacities and this result to fields of science and technology development and then wealth creation and outreach emerge in a country. The aim of this research is to provide a framework for developing science and technology diplomacy in the country. Therefore, key factors which influence science and technology diplomacy of the country are identified through qualitative thematic analysis and a framework inclusive of 4 global theme including of scientific and technological image of country in the world, diplomatic image of the country in the world, the track two diplomacy and institutional arrangements and 25 basic theme are presented.Today diplomatic and political relations between countries in order to strengthen science and technology, are increasing under the concept of science and technology diplomacy. Science and technology diplomacy can be defined as a set of strategies and tactics that are employed in foreign policy of a country, and this system operate scientific and technological achievements to upgrade their capacities and this result to fields of science and technology development and then wealth creation and outreach emerge in a country. The aim of this research is to provide a framework for developing science and technology diplomacy in the country. Therefore, key factors which influence science and technology diplomacy of the country are identified through qualitative thematic analysis and a framework inclusive of 4 global theme including of scientific and technological image of country in the world, diplomatic image of the country in the world, the track two diplomacy and institutional arrangements and 25 basic theme are presented.https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1389_4e038e1c3e854af40ad1977653f4aef2.pdfSharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute)Science and Technology Policy Letters2476-722006220160722Fostering sustainable technologies: a framework for analyzing the governance of innovation systems Karl Hillman, Mans Nilsson, Annika Richne and Thomas Magnusson.Fostering sustainable technologies: a framework for analyzing the governance of innovation systems Karl Hillman, Mans Nilsson, Annika Richne and Thomas Magnusson.1171391390FANaserBagheri MoghaddamErfanMoslehJournal Article20170419https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_1390_2d0619eca5559783ed985047da7cd479.pdf