Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Impact of Foresight on Policy Making and Anticipatory Governance with a Global Perspective Impact of Foresight on Policy Making and Anticipatory Governance with a Global Perspective 18 34 21984 FA Mahakameh Taati PhD Student of Futures Studies- Imam khomeini International University Einollah Keshavarz Tork Assistant Professor/Faculty of Social Sciences/Imam Khomeini International University Hakem Ghasemi Associate Professor/Faculty of Social Sciences/Imam Khomeini International University Farhad Darvishi Setallani Associate Professor/Faculty of Social Sciences/Imam Khomeini International University Journal Article 2020 05 30 The acceleration of science and technology development and the expansion of international communications in the twenty-first century have presented the world with numerous complexities and uncertainties in terms of global, regional, and national governance and policymaking. The Millennium Project identified the most significant challenges facing the millennium and their long-term prospects, as well as provided solutions to incorporate these perspectives into decision-making through the use of futures studies and broad participation of futurists and researchers. The Millennium Project's 15 global challenges are briefly discussed in this paper, utilizing previous studies (mostly published by the Millennium Project) and a descriptive-analytical research method. It first discusses the benefits of foresight in decision making.  The strategies and activities proposed by global experts to integrate global perspectives and foresight with global decision making will then be reported based on the Millennium Project results. Finally, after reporting on some countries' efforts to integrate foresight and decision making, some suggestions for how to link foresight and long-term perspectives with policy making in Iran are made. The findings of this paper can leverage incorporation of foresight into policy formulation and governance, as well as develop what is referred to as 'anticipatory governance' for Iran's context. The acceleration of science and technology development and the expansion of international communications in the twenty-first century have presented the world with numerous complexities and uncertainties in terms of global, regional, and national governance and policymaking. The Millennium Project identified the most significant challenges facing the millennium and their long-term prospects, as well as provided solutions to incorporate these perspectives into decision-making through the use of futures studies and broad participation of futurists and researchers. The Millennium Project's 15 global challenges are briefly discussed in this paper, utilizing previous studies (mostly published by the Millennium Project) and a descriptive-analytical research method. It first discusses the benefits of foresight in decision making.  The strategies and activities proposed by global experts to integrate global perspectives and foresight with global decision making will then be reported based on the Millennium Project results. Finally, after reporting on some countries' efforts to integrate foresight and decision making, some suggestions for how to link foresight and long-term perspectives with policy making in Iran are made. The findings of this paper can leverage incorporation of foresight into policy formulation and governance, as well as develop what is referred to as 'anticipatory governance' for Iran's context. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_21984_a7344fe510e0e231cba9aea99ccc4283.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Challenges and Barriers of Education Policy in Air Transportation: Case Study of Civil Aviation Technology College Challenges and Barriers of Education Policy in Air Transportation: Case Study of Civil Aviation Technology College 129 139 22090 FA Ali Changizi faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Heydar Toorani organization for educational research and planning Journal Article 2020 10 16 Iran's aviation sector has the capacity to increase its global standing, however this capability is underutilized in our country. One approach to compensate for this is to place a premium on educational quality. The goal of this study is to identify the challenges and impediments to aviation educational policies. This is a mixed-method study. Qualitative analysis is carried by using the content analysis technique. Ten managers, professors, and experts were interviewed in a semi-structured manner to ascertain the barriers and challenges associated with aviation training. Seven major themes emerged from the data analysis: inefficient human resources, a lack of comprehensive policies, weak management, an unstable workplace, a lack of technology, inadequate training, and insufficient communication all contribute to this situation. In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of 280 students from the College. The sample size was 169 individuals, which was sufficient per Cochran's formula. The effectiveness and significance of factors were tested using the t-test and Friedman test, respectively. The most significant policy impediment was found to be poor communication between the aviation industry's various subsectors. Iran's aviation sector has the capacity to increase its global standing, however this capability is underutilized in our country. One approach to compensate for this is to place a premium on educational quality. The goal of this study is to identify the challenges and impediments to aviation educational policies. This is a mixed-method study. Qualitative analysis is carried by using the content analysis technique. Ten managers, professors, and experts were interviewed in a semi-structured manner to ascertain the barriers and challenges associated with aviation training. Seven major themes emerged from the data analysis: inefficient human resources, a lack of comprehensive policies, weak management, an unstable workplace, a lack of technology, inadequate training, and insufficient communication all contribute to this situation. In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of 280 students from the College. The sample size was 169 individuals, which was sufficient per Cochran's formula. The effectiveness and significance of factors were tested using the t-test and Friedman test, respectively. The most significant policy impediment was found to be poor communication between the aviation industry's various subsectors. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22090_e31edf276371d337e48843a57e57f6a7.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Cluster Analysis of Iran’s Global Position Based on Sustainable Economic Development Framework Cluster Analysis of Iran’s Global Position Based on Sustainable Economic Development Framework 83 100 21985 FA Mona Ahani Ph. D, Department of Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Afshar Kazemi Associate Professor, Department of Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 05 28 Economic development refers to the processes and policies that a society employs to ensure its citizens' economic, political, and social well-being. To assess Iran's economic development status and global ranking, the World Bank determined eight indicators effective in assessing Iran's sustainable economic development status using the Delphi method and expert opinions, among other methods. The indicators are Gross National Product (GDP); merchandise exports; merchandise imports; gross savings; GDP per capita; taxes on income, profits, and capital gains; broad money growth; and PPP conversion factor. The purpose of this research is to investigate Iran's economic status and global position using these indicators and the clustering technique; Then it identifies the most similar countries in the last 18 years to Iran. The results showed that Iran has been co-clustered mostly with Indonesia, Vietnam, Sao Tomé and Príncipe, i.e., 13 times between 1996 and 2016; seven times with Nigeria, and six times with Colombia and Paraguay. Following research findings, a number of policy recommendations are presented Economic development refers to the processes and policies that a society employs to ensure its citizens' economic, political, and social well-being. To assess Iran's economic development status and global ranking, the World Bank determined eight indicators effective in assessing Iran's sustainable economic development status using the Delphi method and expert opinions, among other methods. The indicators are Gross National Product (GDP); merchandise exports; merchandise imports; gross savings; GDP per capita; taxes on income, profits, and capital gains; broad money growth; and PPP conversion factor. The purpose of this research is to investigate Iran's economic status and global position using these indicators and the clustering technique; Then it identifies the most similar countries in the last 18 years to Iran. The results showed that Iran has been co-clustered mostly with Indonesia, Vietnam, Sao Tomé and Príncipe, i.e., 13 times between 1996 and 2016; seven times with Nigeria, and six times with Colombia and Paraguay. Following research findings, a number of policy recommendations are presented https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_21985_87748470830f5b67786ea9abdf21af54.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Unveiling a New Roadmap for Digital Transformation Unveiling a New Roadmap for Digital Transformation 5 17 22012 FA Sajad Salehipour Bavarsad Shahid Beheshti University Saeed Kazem Pourian Allameh Tabataba'i University Journal Article 2020 09 02 Digital transformation is a global issue that has gained prominence in recent years. It is particularly relevant to the majority of public and private organizations, as it will affect customer relationships, internal processes, and value creation. The primary concern of stakeholders in digital transformation is to define the roadmap and vision that will guide future steps in this direction. This study's objective is to assist organizations in implementing digital transformation through the use of predefined phases and stages. In this regard, a systematic review of recent research and frameworks was conducted. After retrieving 47 studies and 11 frameworks, a thorough analysis was conducted on them. Selected articles were first analyzed using the VOSViewer software, and the results indicated that the majority of research in recent years has focused on processes in the field of digital transformation. However, the trend is shifting toward developing a strategy for digital transformation. Then, by combining the selected studies and frameworks, a roadmap for digital transformation was developed, consisting of six major phases: initiation, idea, assessment, commitment, implementation, and sustainability, as well as twenty activities within each phase. By gradually implementing these steps, organizations can ensure the effective deployment of digital transformation. Digital transformation is a global issue that has gained prominence in recent years. It is particularly relevant to the majority of public and private organizations, as it will affect customer relationships, internal processes, and value creation. The primary concern of stakeholders in digital transformation is to define the roadmap and vision that will guide future steps in this direction. This study's objective is to assist organizations in implementing digital transformation through the use of predefined phases and stages. In this regard, a systematic review of recent research and frameworks was conducted. After retrieving 47 studies and 11 frameworks, a thorough analysis was conducted on them. Selected articles were first analyzed using the VOSViewer software, and the results indicated that the majority of research in recent years has focused on processes in the field of digital transformation. However, the trend is shifting toward developing a strategy for digital transformation. Then, by combining the selected studies and frameworks, a roadmap for digital transformation was developed, consisting of six major phases: initiation, idea, assessment, commitment, implementation, and sustainability, as well as twenty activities within each phase. By gradually implementing these steps, organizations can ensure the effective deployment of digital transformation. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22012_9b4671f4bec36d246f3f822681003568.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Identifying elements of social construction of innovation in knowledge enterprise using memory-work method Identifying elements of social construction of innovation in knowledge enterprise using memory-work method 101 112 22214 FA Mohammad Saleh Torkestani Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Allameh Tabataba&amp;#039;i University Seyed Soroush Ghazinoori Associate Proffesor, Allameh Tabatabai University Pedram Jahedi Business Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Alameh Tabatabai University Journal Article 2020 11 13 When confronted with new or old challenges, humans are inevitably forced to create new solutions or new formulations of existing solutions. The practice of issue solving in the physical world or the concept of innovation in the mental world have varying connotations across cultures and languages. The present study is an attempt to identify the constituent elements of the social reality of innovation in knowledge-based companies in the context of Persian language in Iran. This study takes an applied, descriptive approach. The research is qualitative in nature and employs the memory-work method in accordance with the social constructivist perspective. The statistical population consists of individuals employed in knowledge-based firms in Guilan Province's Science and Technology Park. Seventy participants were sampled using a non-random sampling procedure. The study showed that the factors of social construction of innovation in knowledge companies fall into two categories. The first consisted of subject-related elements, including patience, exhaustion, curiosity, observing, drive for problem solving, calmness, partiality, fearing, struggling, doubting, and having a personal purpose. The second consisted of object-related elements, including Internet surfing, time passing, changing decor, joking, a noisy setting, a working group, silence, and experimenting. The examination of the elements revealed a conflict between motion and stillness in the subject-related aspects, which has not been observed in past research where stillness in the present time and deferring change to a later time are not present. An analysis of the object-related components revealed that the primary source of innovation was Internet surfing.<br /> <br />  When confronted with new or old challenges, humans are inevitably forced to create new solutions or new formulations of existing solutions. The practice of issue solving in the physical world or the concept of innovation in the mental world have varying connotations across cultures and languages. The present study is an attempt to identify the constituent elements of the social reality of innovation in knowledge-based companies in the context of Persian language in Iran. This study takes an applied, descriptive approach. The research is qualitative in nature and employs the memory-work method in accordance with the social constructivist perspective. The statistical population consists of individuals employed in knowledge-based firms in Guilan Province's Science and Technology Park. Seventy participants were sampled using a non-random sampling procedure. The study showed that the factors of social construction of innovation in knowledge companies fall into two categories. The first consisted of subject-related elements, including patience, exhaustion, curiosity, observing, drive for problem solving, calmness, partiality, fearing, struggling, doubting, and having a personal purpose. The second consisted of object-related elements, including Internet surfing, time passing, changing decor, joking, a noisy setting, a working group, silence, and experimenting. The examination of the elements revealed a conflict between motion and stillness in the subject-related aspects, which has not been observed in past research where stillness in the present time and deferring change to a later time are not present. An analysis of the object-related components revealed that the primary source of innovation was Internet surfing.<br /> <br />  https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22214_1dc39a0079e2696d6f3f601d0194a42f.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Entrepreneurship and Foresight: A Review of Certain Conceptual Studies Entrepreneurship and Foresight: A Review of Certain Conceptual Studies 69 82 22013 FA Mehdi Zivdar Assistant Professor, Department of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan Journal Article 2020 09 01 Foresight is a systematic, continual, and permanent approach that employs a wide range of tested strategies and techniques. This process addresses the future of science and technology, markets, customers, and society, with a primary focus on business intelligence for strategic decision making, sustaining future competitiveness, and strengthening business learning and innovation capabilities. In a nutshell, foresight's objective is to propel the business forward. On the other hand, entrepreneurship is an art of investigating future principles, revealing a close connection between foresight and theories of creation and implementation in entrepreneurship. Foresight is critical in the process of establishing, growing, and consolidating entrepreneurial enterprises. Thus, while introducing and describing the concept of foresight, as well as the psychological foundations of foresight and entrepreneurial decision making, this paper discusses foresight in two distinct stages of business evolution (before and after the establishment of the business). The article then discusses foresight in three distinct stages of business evolution in order to present a distancing argument (before, during, and after the establishment of the business). Foresight is a systematic, continual, and permanent approach that employs a wide range of tested strategies and techniques. This process addresses the future of science and technology, markets, customers, and society, with a primary focus on business intelligence for strategic decision making, sustaining future competitiveness, and strengthening business learning and innovation capabilities. In a nutshell, foresight's objective is to propel the business forward. On the other hand, entrepreneurship is an art of investigating future principles, revealing a close connection between foresight and theories of creation and implementation in entrepreneurship. Foresight is critical in the process of establishing, growing, and consolidating entrepreneurial enterprises. Thus, while introducing and describing the concept of foresight, as well as the psychological foundations of foresight and entrepreneurial decision making, this paper discusses foresight in two distinct stages of business evolution (before and after the establishment of the business). The article then discusses foresight in three distinct stages of business evolution in order to present a distancing argument (before, during, and after the establishment of the business). https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22013_3ed8aacb2b81199b339aca6af5190561.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Technology Intelligence in High Tech Organizations Technology Intelligence in High Tech Organizations 51 68 22219 FA Fatemeh Mohammadi Allameh Tabataba&#039;i University, Tehran Saeed Kazem Pourian Allameh Tabataba&#039;i University, Tehran Mohammad Reza Taghva Allameh Tabataba&#039;i University, Tehran Journal Article 2020 09 29 Technology has evolved into a significant and critical phenomenon for societies and organizations over the last few decades, and it is critical to identify and monitor its changes. Increased access to information and various technologies has also resulted in a shift in the business environment and increased complexity in the world of competition. Only organizations that can enhance their technological capabilities and abilities and implement technologically intelligent approaches within their organization will survive in this complex competitive environment. In recent years, numerous researchers have examined the issue of technology intelligence. A review of the available literature in this field contributes significantly to our understanding of technology intelligence and can result in enhanced organizational planning and decision-making processes in the field of technology. The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical underpinnings and historical context of technology intelligence researches using the library method. The definitions, position, goals, and challenges of technology intelligence are discussed in detail from the perspectives of various researchers, as well as applications and examples of technology intelligence implementation in Iran and across a variety of industries. Technology has evolved into a significant and critical phenomenon for societies and organizations over the last few decades, and it is critical to identify and monitor its changes. Increased access to information and various technologies has also resulted in a shift in the business environment and increased complexity in the world of competition. Only organizations that can enhance their technological capabilities and abilities and implement technologically intelligent approaches within their organization will survive in this complex competitive environment. In recent years, numerous researchers have examined the issue of technology intelligence. A review of the available literature in this field contributes significantly to our understanding of technology intelligence and can result in enhanced organizational planning and decision-making processes in the field of technology. The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical underpinnings and historical context of technology intelligence researches using the library method. The definitions, position, goals, and challenges of technology intelligence are discussed in detail from the perspectives of various researchers, as well as applications and examples of technology intelligence implementation in Iran and across a variety of industries. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22219_7259a13c6836491b44bf6a501b94ed4c.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 Evaluation Of Success Factors of Knowledge-Based Companies of Fars’ Science and Technology Park Using Structural Equation Modeling Evaluation Of Success Factors of Knowledge-Based Companies of Fars’ Science and Technology Park Using Structural Equation Modeling 35 50 22215 FA Soheila Keshavarz Department of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Economics, Sistan and Baluchestan University Noormohammad Yaghoubi Professor, Department of Management, Sistan and Baluchestan University Adele Deghati Department of Management, Sistan and Baluchestan University Journal Article 2020 10 30 The present research measures and ranks the success drivers of knowledge-based companies located in Fars' Science and Technology Park. The research was descriptive, correlational and applied. The statistical population for the first questionnaire was comprised of all experts and managers of knowledge-based businesses in Fars Science and Technology Park, a total of 135 individuals. n order to prioritize the dimensions, components, and indicators of the successful knowledge-based companies, the second questionnaire was designed, with the top managers of the companies serving as the sample population for hierarchical analysis.  Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) with SMART PLS software were used to analyze the data. The method of hierarchical analysis was used to prioritize dimensions and components using Expert Choice software. The findings indicate that all identified indicators had an effect on the success of the companies, with the organizational dimension ranked as the most critical, followed by the environmental and individual dimensions. Among the seven components, organizational culture was ranked first, followed by organizational capability, support mechanisms, organizational policy, personality traits, environmental infrastructure, and demographic characteristics. Information technology infrastructure (software, hardware, network, and brain), patents and intellectual property, and government support policies were among the top to third-ranked model indicators. The present research measures and ranks the success drivers of knowledge-based companies located in Fars' Science and Technology Park. The research was descriptive, correlational and applied. The statistical population for the first questionnaire was comprised of all experts and managers of knowledge-based businesses in Fars Science and Technology Park, a total of 135 individuals. n order to prioritize the dimensions, components, and indicators of the successful knowledge-based companies, the second questionnaire was designed, with the top managers of the companies serving as the sample population for hierarchical analysis.  Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) with SMART PLS software were used to analyze the data. The method of hierarchical analysis was used to prioritize dimensions and components using Expert Choice software. The findings indicate that all identified indicators had an effect on the success of the companies, with the organizational dimension ranked as the most critical, followed by the environmental and individual dimensions. Among the seven components, organizational culture was ranked first, followed by organizational capability, support mechanisms, organizational policy, personality traits, environmental infrastructure, and demographic characteristics. Information technology infrastructure (software, hardware, network, and brain), patents and intellectual property, and government support policies were among the top to third-ranked model indicators. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22215_0b2338832d6a4ef3518fc47dd1c87fb6.pdf

Sharif University of Technology (Sharif Policy Research Institute) Science and Technology Policy Letters 2476-7220 11 1 2021 03 21 mission oriented innovation policy: challenge and opportunitiez mission oriented innovation policy: challenge and opportunitiez 113 128 22078 FA Mohammad Ali Sadeghikia استاد مدعو Journal Article 2020 07 08 This article focuses on the broader lessons from mission-oriented programs for innovation policy— and indeed policies aimed at investment-led growth. While much has been written about case studies on missions, this has not resulted in an alternative policy making toolkit. Missions—in the least— require those tools to be just as much about market cocreating and market shaping, as they are about market fixing. The article reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programs, ooks at key features of those programs that can provide lessons, and discusses how to choose and implement mission-oriented policies, with an example. This article focuses on the broader lessons from mission-oriented programs for innovation policy— and indeed policies aimed at investment-led growth. While much has been written about case studies on missions, this has not resulted in an alternative policy making toolkit. Missions—in the least— require those tools to be just as much about market cocreating and market shaping, as they are about market fixing. The article reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programs, ooks at key features of those programs that can provide lessons, and discusses how to choose and implement mission-oriented policies, with an example. https://stpl.ristip.sharif.ir/article_22078_b592d18cde842621f7afb17c0e6bb827.pdf