برقراری پیوند میان عرضه و تقاضا: نقش میانجیگری در تأمین دولتی نوآوری

نوع مقاله : ترجمه

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت تکنولوژی دانشگاه تهران

2 عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه خاتم الانبیاء (ص)

چکیده

میانجیگری در نوآوری، به منظور برقراری ارتباط میان بازیگران گوناگون با مجموعه مهارت ها یا علائق مکمل، با هدف حمایت از برقراری و گسترش نوآوری به کار می رود. این مقاله به تشریح و تحلیل مفهوم میانجیگری میان عرضه و تقاضا، با ارائۀ مثال هایی از تأمین دولتی نوآوری می پردازد. در مقالۀ مزبور نیازها و کارکردهایی خاص از میانجیگری در شرایط گوناگون تأمین، تعریف و پیش شرط های میانجیگری مفید و مؤثر تبیین شده است. این مقاله به ادبیات درحال رشد پیرامون میانجیگری نوآوری و تأمین دولتی نوآوری کمک می کند. در مقالۀ حاضر، تقاضای نوآوری و نیز مفهوم نوآوری به شکلی گسترده در نظر گرفته شده است؛ چنان که آن را به منزلۀ هر محصول، خدمت یا فرایندی تعریف میکند که برای سازمان به خدمت گیرنده بدیع باشد. در مقالۀ پیشِ رو به منظور بیان مفهوم میانجیگری در فرایند نوآوری، مفهوم نسبتاً ابتدایی میانجیگری، که درحال حاضر در نوآوری و ادبیات مدیریت استفاده می شود، توسعه داده شده است. در این مقاله تحلیلی عمیق از دو فرایند بسیار متفاوت تأمین، در فضای پیچیدۀ بخش دولتی، ارائه شده است. یکی از این موارد، مربوط به بخش خدمات ملی بهداشت انگلیس است که سازمان دولتی متقاضی، آغازگر فرایند نوآوری است و دیگری درمورد سازمانی است که در جست وجوی پاسخ به نوآوری ارائه شده در بازار است. راه حل های اتخاذشده در هر دو مورد، سازمان به کارگیرنده را وادار به فرایندهای انطباقی شدید با هزینه های درخور توجه یادگیری کرده است. مطالب این مقاله تشریح می کند که چگونه میانجیگری هوشمندانه و مناسب، برخی از شکست های شناخته شده رویه ای و قابلیتی در فرایند تأمین دولتی نوآوری را از پیشِ روی سازمان ها برمیدارد. از منظر کاربردهای سیاستی، مقالۀ مزبور مدعی تلاش فراوان در بنا نهادن نظام میانجیگری مؤثر و کارا میان سیستم های تأمین است تا این میانجیگری از سازمان ها به منظور تأمین منسجم حمایت کند و برپایۀ آن، ظرفیت لازم برای به کارگیری هوشمندانه تر دولت خلق می شود. درعین حالی که به علت وجود خلأ در ادبیات تأمین دولتی نوآوری به مسئلۀ میانجیگری پرداخته می شود، در مقالۀ حاضر به میانجیگری میان عرضه و تقاضا به شکلی کلی تر توجه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Connecting demand and supply: The role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation

نویسندگان [English]

  • REZA KHANAHMADLOO 1
  • Abolfazl Sepehri 2
1 Tehran University
2 University of Khatam al-Anbia
چکیده [English]

Intermediation in innovation serves to establish or improve the link between different actors with complementary skill sets or interests in order to support the generation and diffusion of innovation. This article conceptualises and analyses intermediation between supply and demand using the example of public procurement of innovation. It defines specific intermediation needs and functions in different procurement situations and outlines the pre-condition for effective intermediation. The paper combines and
contributes to the growing literature on innovation intermediation and public procurement to innovation.
In order to develop the conceptualisation of intermediation in the process of demanding innovation, it builds on the existing, rather rudimentary conceptualisation of intermediation in the innovation and management literature. It presents an in-depth analysis of two very different procurement processes in two cases in a complex public sector setting, the English NHS, case of a public buying organisation triggering the generation of an innovation, and another in which an organisation sought to respond to an innovation offered in the marketplace. In both cases, the solution bought necessitated strong adaptation processes with considerable
learning costs within the buying organisation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Intermediation
  • Demand for innovation
  • Public procurement
منابع
Allman, K., Edler, J., Georghiou, L., Jones, B., Miles, I., Omidvar, O., Ramlogan, R  and Rigby, J. (2011). Measuring Wider Framework Conditions for Successful Innovation: A System’s review of UK and International Innovation Data. NESTA, London.
Aschhoff, B. and Sofka, W. (2009). “Innovation on demand – can public procurement drive market success of innovations?”. Res. Policy, 38, 1235–1247.
Bergek, A. (2014). Technological Dynamics and Policy: How to Derive Policy Prescriptions. Presentation at the Lundvall Symposium, Aalborg.
Bessant, J. and Rush, H. (1995). “Building bridges for innovation: the role of consultants in technology transfer”. Res. Policy, 24, 97–114.
Bonaccorsi, A.C. and Molinari, F. (2011). The Challenges of Bringing Innovation through Public Procurement at Regional Level. Early Experiments
Chapain, C., Cooke, P., De Propis, L., MacNeill, S. and Mateos-Garcia, J. (2010). Creative Clusters and Innovation – Putting Creativity on the Map. NESTA. London.
Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open Innovation – The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
DH (2009). “National Innovation Procurement Plan”. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH 109969 (accessed 30.06.10).
DH (2011). “Innovation, Health and Wealth, Accelerating Adoption and Diffusion in the NHS”. http://www.institute.nhs.uk/images/documents/Innovation/Innovation%20Health%20and%20Wealth%20-%20accelerating%20adoption%20and%20diffusion%20in%20the%20NHS.pdf (accessed 15.02.12).
Díaz-Puente, J.M., Cazorla, A., de los Ríos, I. (2009). “Policy support for the diffusion of innovation among SMEs: an evaluation study in the Spanish Region of Madrid.Eur”. Plan. Stud, 17, 365–387.
Edler, J. and Gee, S. (2013). Public Procurement and the Co-production of Process Innovation, Manchester (unpublished manuscript).
Edler, J. and Georghiou, L. (2007). “Public procurement and innovation – resurrecting the demand side”. Res. Policy, 36, 949–963.
Edler, J., Ruhland, S., Hafner, S., Rigby, J., Georghiou, L., Hommen, L., Rolfstam, M., Edquist, C., Tsipouri, L. and Papadokou, M. (2005). “Innovation and Public Procurement”. Review of Issues at Stake, Study for the European Commission Final Report. European Commission, Brussels.
Edler, J. and Uyarra, E. (2013). “Public procurement of innovation”. In: Brown, L., Osborne, S. (Eds.), The Handbook of Innovation and Change in Public Sector Service. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 224–237.
Edquist, C. (1997). Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organisations. Routledge, Abingdon.
Edquist, C. and Hommen, L. (1998). Government Technology Procurement and Innovation Theory, Paper for the project “Innovation Systems and European Integration (ISE)”. Linkoping.
Edquist, C., Hommen, L. and Tsipouri, L. (2000). Public Technology Procurement and Innovation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
Edquist, C. and Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.M. (2012). “Public procurement for Innovation as mission-oriented innovation policy”. Res. Policy, 41, 1757–1769.
Edquist, C., Vonortas, N., Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.M. and Edler, J. (2015). Public Procurement for Innovation. Edward Elgar.
Fagerberg, I. (2014). Innovation Policy: In Search for a Useful Theoretical Framework. Presentation at the Lundvall Symposium, Aalborg.
Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, Z. and Wood, M. (2000). “Getting evidence into clinical practice: an organisational behaviour perspective. J. Health Serv”. Res. Policy, 5, 96– 02.
Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, Z., Wood, M. and Hawkins, C. (2005). “The (non) spread of innovations: the mediating role of professionals”. Acad. Manag. J, 48, 117–134.
Freeman, C. (1995). “The ‘national system of innovation’ in historical perspective”. Camb. J. Econ, 19, 5–24.
Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E. and Yeow, J. (2013). “Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: choice, design and assessment”. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.018.
Geroski, P.A. (1990). “Procurement policy as a tool of industrial policy”.Rev. Appl. Econ. 4, S182–S198.
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge. Sage. London.
Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Bate, P., Kyriakidou, O., Macfarlane, F. and Peacock, R. (2004). “How to Spread Good Ideas: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Diffusion, Dissemination and Sustainability of Innovations in Health Service Delivery and Organisation”. National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R&D, Southampton.
Hargadon, A.B. (1998). “Firms as knowledge brokers: lessons in pursuing continuous innovation”. Calif. Manag. Rev, 40, 209–227.
Hargadon, A.B. and Sutton, R.I. (1997). “Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm”. Adm. Sci. Q. 42, 716–749.
Hekkert, M., Suurs, R.A.A., Negro, S.O., Kuhlmann, S. and Smits, R. (2007). “Functions of innovation systems: a new approach for analysing technological change”. Technol. Forecast. Soc, 74, 413–432.
HITF (2004). Better Health Through Partnership: A Programme for Action. Final Report. Department of Health. London.
Howells, J. (2006). “Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation”. Res. Policy, 35, 715–728.
Izsak, K. and Edler, J. (2011). “Trends and Challenges in Demand-Side Innovation Policies in Europe: Thematic Report 2011 Under Specific Contract for the Integration of INNO policy Trendchart with ERAWATCH (2011–2012)”, Brussels.
Klerkx, L. and Leeuwis, C. (2008). “Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: experiences with innovation intermediaries”. Food Policy, 33, 260–276.
Klerkx, L. and Leeuwis, C. (2009). “Establishment and embedding of innovation brokers at different innovation system levels: insights from the Dutch agricultural sector”. Technol. Forecast. Soc, 76, 849–860.
Kline, S.J. and Rosenberg, N. (1986). “An overview of innovation”. In: Landhu, R., Rosenberg, N. (Eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 275–305.
Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R. and Holmes, A. (2010). Understanding the Process of Innovation Adoption in 12 NHS Trusts – Technology Selection, Procurement and Implementation to Help Reduce HCAIs. CIPM. London.
Lember, V., Kalvet, T. and Kattel, R. (2011). “Urban competitiveness and public procurement for innovation”. Urban Stud, 48, 1373–1395.
Lember, V., Kalvet, T., Kattel, R., Penna, C. and Suurna, M. (2007). Public Procurement for Innovation in Baltic Metropolises – Case Studies, Talinn.
Lichtenthaler, U. and Ernst, H. (2008). “Intermediary services in the markets for technology: organizational antecedents and performance consequences”. Organ. Stud, 29, 1003–1035.
Liddell, A., Adshead, S. and Burgess, E. (2008). Technology in the NHS: Transforming the Patient’s Experience of Care. The King’s Fund. London.
Lundvall, B.-A. (1988). “Innovation as an interactive process: from user–producer interaction to the national innovation systems”. In: Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R.R., Silverberg, G., Soete, L. (Eds.), Technical Change and Economic Theory.
Lynn, L.H., Reddy, N.M. and Aram, J.D. (1996). “Linking technology and institutions: the innovation community framework”. Res. Policy, 25, 91–106.
Mantel, S.J. and Rosegger, G. (1987). “The role of third-parties in the diffusion of innovations: a survey”. In: Rothwell, R., Bessant, J. (Eds.), Innovation: Adaptation and Growth. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 123–134.
Miles, I., Kastrinos, N., Flanagan, K., Bilderbeek, R., den Hertog, P., Huntink, W. and Bouman, M. (1995). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services: Users, carriers and sources of innovation. DG13 SPRINT-EIMS.
Miles, I., Wilkinson, C., Edler, J., Bleda, M., Simmonds, P. and Clark, J. (2009). “The Wider Conditions for Innovation in the UK: How the UK Compares to Leading Innovation Nations”. NESTA Index Report. NESTA, London.
Morgan, E. and Crawford, N. (1996). “Technology brokering activities in Europe – a survey”. J. Technol. Manag, 12, 360–367.
Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. MA.
NICE (2011). “CardioQ-ODM Oesophageal Doppler Monitor”, NICE Medical Technology Guidance 3. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/MTG3/Guidance/pdf/English.
NTAC (2010). “Doppler Guided Intraoperative Fluid Management. Improving Surgical Outcomes”. Reducing Hospital Stay, Available from: www.
technologyadoptionhub.nhs.uk/doppler-guided-intraoperative-fluidmanagement/executive-summary.html.
OECD (2011). Demand Side Innovation Policy. OECD. Paris.
Phillips, W., Knight, L., Caldwell, N. and Warrington, J. (2007). “Policy through procurement – the introduction of digital signal process (DSP) hearing aids into the English NHS”. Health Policy, 80, 77–85.
Prandelli, E., Sawhney, M. and Verona, G. (2008). Collaborating with Customers to Innovate: Conceiving and Marketing Products in the Networking Age. Edward Elgar, MA.
Rigby, J. (2016). “Review of pre-commercial procurement approaches and effects on innovation”. In: Edler, J., Cunningham, P., Gök, A. and Shapira, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact. Edward Elgar (forthcoming).
Rigby, J., Boekholt, P., Semple, A., Deuten, J., Apostol, R., Corvers, S. and Edler, J. (2012). “Final Report: Feasibility Study on Future EU Support to Public Procurement of Innovative Solutions”. [Contract Notice 2010/s 103-155769].
Robert, G., Greenhalgh, T., McFarlane, F. and Peacock, R. (2009). “Organisational Factors Influencing Technology Adoption and Assimilation in the NHS: A Systematic Review of the Literature”. Report for the National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation Programme, London.
Rolfstam, M. (2005). Public Technology Procurement as a Demand-side Innovation.
Rolfstam, M. (2013). Public Procurement and Innovation: The Role of Institutions. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Rolfstam, M., Phillips, W. and Bakker, E. (2009). “Public Procurement of Innovation Diffusion: Exploring the Role of Institutions and Institutional Coordination”. CIRCLE Working Paper No. 2009/07. Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Rolfstam, M., Phillips, W. and Bakker, E. (2011). “Public procurement of innovations, diffusion and endogenous institutions”. J. Public Sector Manag, 24, 452–468.
Rosen, R. and Mays, N. (1998). “The impact of the UK NHS purchaser–provider split on the ‘rational’ introduction of new medical technologies”. Health Policy, 43, 103–123.
Rye, C.B. and Kimberly, J.R. (2007). “The adoption of innovations by provider organizations in health care”. Med. Care Res. Rev, 64, 235–278.
Shohet, S. and Prevezer, M. (1996). “UK biotechnology: institutional linkages, technology transfer and the role of intermediaries”. R&D Manag, 26, 283–298.
Tsipouri, L., Edler, J., Rolfstam, M. and Uyarra, E. 2009. Risk Management in the Procurement of Innovation. Concepts and Empirical Evidence in the European Union. European Commission, Brussels.
Uyarra, E. (2010). Opportunities for Innovation through Local Government Procurement A Case Study of Greater Manchester.
Uyarra E. “Review of Measures in Support of Public Procurement of Innovation”. In Edler, J., Cunningham, P., Gok, A., Shapira, P., (Eds.). Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact, Edward Elgar (forthcoming).
Uyarra, E., Edler, J., Gee, S., Georghiou, L. and Yeow, J. (2013). “UK public procurement of innovation: the UK case”. In: Lember, V., Kattel, R., Kalvet, T. (Eds.). Public Procurement, Innovation and Policy: International Perspectives. Springer-Verlag. London, p. 233–258.
Uyarra, E., Edler, J., Garcia-Estevez, J., Georghiou, L. and Yeow, J. (2014). “Barriers to innovation through public procurement: a supplier perspective”. Technovation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.04.003.
Uyarra, E. and Flanagan, K. (2010). “Understanding the innovation impacts of public procurement”. Eur. Plan. Stud, 18, 123–143.
Uyarra, E. and Ramlogan, R. (2012). “The Effects of Cluster Policy on Innovation”. Nesta Working Paper.  March 12/05.
van Lente, H., Hekkert, M., Smits, R. and van Waveren, B. (2003). “Roles of systemic intermediaries in transition processes”. J. Innov. Manag, 7, 1–33.
Von Hippel, E. (1986). “Lead users: a source of novel product concepts”. Manag. Sci. 32, 791–805.
Wanless, D. (2002). Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-Term View. HM Treasury. London.
Watkins, D. and Horley, G. (1986). “Transferring technology from large to small firms: the role of intermediaries”. In: Webb, T., Quince, T., Watkins, D. (Eds.), Small Business Research. Gower, Aldershot, pp. 215–251.
Wilkinson, R., Georghiou, L., Cave, J., Bosch, C., Caloghirou, Y., Corvers, S., Dalpe, R., Edler, J., Hornbanger, K., Mabile, M., Montejo, M.J., Nilsson, H., O’Leary, R., Piga, G., Tronslin, P. and Ward, E. (2006). “Procurement for Research and Innovation. Report of an Expert Group on Measures and Actions to Assist in the Development of Procurement Practices Favourable to Private Investment in R&D and Innovation”, Brussels.
Winch, G., Courtney, R., 2007. “The organisation of innovation brokers: an international study. Technol”. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 19, 747–763.
Wolpert, J.D., 2002. “Breaking out of the innovation box”. Harvard Bus. Rev., 77–83.
Yeow, J., Uyarra, E. and Gee, S. (2011). “Sustainable Innovation through Public Procurement: The Case of ‘Closed Loop’ Recycled Paper”. Manchester Business School Working Paper, 615, 615.
York Health Economics Consortium (2009). Organisational and Behavioural Barriers to Medical Technology Adoption. Warwick.